VJua 


tT  N 
760 
W2 

1901 
MAIN 


8ELCHtR 


A  COMPENDIUM  OF 

JOLD  METALLURGY 


AND 


'igest  of  U.  S.  Mining  Laws.  Water 
Rights  and  Desert  Land  Laws 


E.  M.  AND  M.  L.  WADE,  B.  Sc. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


TANKS 


OF  EVERY    DESCRIPTION  FOR 

Mines,  Hills  and   Cyanide  Plants 

Patent  tton-Shrinkable  Oii  and  Water  Tanks 

The  only  tank  that  will  stand  the  desert  and  hot  climate 
Write  for  Catalogue  and  estimate  on  any  kind  of  tank  work. 

Pacific  Tank  Co. 

flANUFACTURERS 
35  Beale  Street,  San  Francisco 
348  East  Second  St.,  Los  Angeles 


"For  the  Land's  Sake" 


NOTICE 


I 


901-907  Macu  St.,  Los  flngeles,  Gal. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

FERTILIZERS 

For  Oranges,  Lemons,  Peaches,  Prunes,  Apricots, 

Berries,  Grapes,  Pears, Walnuts,  Beets,  Olives, 

Vegetables,    Lawns    and    Flowers. 

DEALERS  IN 

Ground    Bone,    Sulphate   of    Iron,    Potash    Salts, 

Land    Plaster,    Phosphates   Tankage, 

Nitrates,    Guanos. 

Send  for  Descriptive  Catalogue 

Los  Angeles  and  Pasadena  Electric  Cars 
Pass  our  Office  and  Factory. 


Selby 
Smelting 

...AND... 

Lead  Co. 

Refiners  of    Gold   and   Silver 
Bars,  Gold  Dust,  etc. 

Buyers  of .  .  . 

Gold,  Silver,  Lead  and  Copper  Ores,   Gold   Concen- 
trates, Lead  Bullion,  Cyanide  Products,  etc. 


ORE  AND  BULLION  ASSAYERS 


Works  at  Vallejo  Junction,  Gal. 
Office,  4i6  Montgomery  Street, 
SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL. 


PORTABLE 

ONE-STAMP  MILL 


Patented 


The  above  cut  represents  our  Portable  One-Stamp  Mill  opened  for 
cleaning,  or  to  take  apart  for  transportation. 

This  mill  can  be  run  by  hand  or  belted  for  power.  Will  crush  one- 
half  ton  of  average  ore  per  day  often  hours. 

Total  weight  of  mill 405  Ibs.     • 

"   upper  half  205    " 

"       "    lower     "      200   " 

Price  $100.00 

Write  for  special  illustrated  circular  to  the  undersigned 

IflPORTERS  AND  DEALERS  IN 

Assayers'  Materials, 

Laboratory,  Mine  and  Mill  Supplies, 

Chemicals,  Acids,  Etc. 

JOHN  TAYLOR  &  CO., 

63  First  Street,        ...        San  Franclscc,  Cal. 


A  COMPENDIUM 


GOLD 


(ORES) 


DIGEST  OF  U.S.  MINING  LAWS,  WATER  RIGHTS, 
DESERT  LAND  LAW,  ETC. 


SECOND    EDITION— REVISED 

PRICE,  $1.00 


E.  M.  AND  M.  L.  WADE,  B.  Sc. 


MEMBERS    OF     THE 

AMERICAN  CHEMICAL  SOCIETY, 
SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES 

AND 

CHEMISTS  OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  AND  CHEMICAL  SECTION. 

I_ATE  CHEMISTS  AT  THE  CHINO  AND  I^os  ALAMITOS 

BEET  SUGAR  FACTORIES. 


JANUARY,     19O1 

UNIVERSITY   1 


WADE:  &, 

Analytical    Ohemists    and    Assayers 
115J4  North  Hain  Street,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


Our  Milling,  Concentration  and  Cyanide  Plant,  for  Testing  and 
Sampling  Ores,  Tailings,  &c.,  in  ton  lots,  more  or  less. 


V—       >     /     r 

CONTENTS  .  . 

CHAJPTER  I. 

Important  Properties  of  Gold,  Mercury,  Sul- 
phurets,  Tellurides,  Quartz,  and  Silicates — 
Minerals  Mistaken  for  Gold,  pages 19-22 

CHAPTER  II. 
Outline  of  Processes  and  Operations,  pages.  . .  23-25 

CHAPTER  III. 
Crushing — Pulverizing — Machinery  Employed, 

pages . 26-29 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Free  Milling  Process — The  Stamp  Mill — 
Screens — Plates — Retorting  and  Melting — 
Dressing  of  Plates — Conditions  of  Good 
Amalgamation — Dropping  of  Stamps,  Duty 
of — Power  and  Water  Required — Roller 
Quartz  Mills — Arrastra — Pan  Amalgamation 
— Automatic  Feeders — Milling  and  Concen- 
tration Tests,  Automatic  Sampling,  etc., 

pages    , 30-47 

CHAPTER  V. 

Concentration  and  Concentrators — Various  Ma- 
chines, etc.,  pages 48- ;o 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Cyanide  Process — MacArthur-Forrest,  and 
Modifications — Cyanide  Poisoning,  Remedies 
For,  etc.,  pages 5 1-64 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Chlorination — Modern  Barrel  and  Plattner,  Hy- 

181340 


btLUHLK 

L*  —  t       CONTENTS 


posulphite  and  Russell  Processes  —  Roasting, 
etc.,  pages  .............................  65-67 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Smelting,   pages  ..........................  68-70 


APPENDIX  I. 

How  to  Soften  and  Amalgamate  Copper  Plates 
To  Make  Sodium  and  Silver  Amalgams,  and 
Purify  Mercury — Horning  and  Panning — 
Laboratory  Mill  Tests,  (Amalgamation)  — 

Analytical  Methods,  etc.,  pages 71-80 

APPENDIX  II. 

Weights  and  Measures — Metric  System  and 
Equivalents — Weights  of  Quartz  and  Water 
— Water  Measurement — Miner's  Inch,  etc., 

pages 8  r  -86 

APPENDIX  III. 

Prospecting — Occurrence  of  Gold,  Formations 
in  Which  to  Look  for  It — Prospecting  Outfit 

for  Gold,  pages 87-89 

APPENDIX  IV. 

Assaying  and  Sampling — Different  Methods  of 
Assaying — Crucible  and  Scorification  Meth- 
ods— Wet  or  Humid  Method — Check  and 
Umpire  Assaying — Assay  of  Tellurides — 

Sampling  of  Ores  and  Mines,  pages 90-96 

APPENDIX  V. 

Digest  of  U.  S.  Mining  Laws — Water  Rights 
— California — Arizona — Desert  Land  Laws, 
etc.,  pages 97~T4o 


ESTABLISHED 


H         '.    3  VI  i 
TELEPHONE   GREEN    1704 


WADE  <a  WADE, 

Assayers  and   Analytical    Chemists 

115*4  N.  Main  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


Oldest  Firm  and  Host  Complete  Establishment  in  the  Southwest. 


WHAT  WE  DO. 
Assaying  and  Analysis  of— 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  zinc, 
chromium,  mercury,  and  other  metal- 
lic ores;  fertilizers,  mineral  waters, 
petroleum,  oils,  dairy  products,  bitu- 
mens, coal,  limestones,  clays,  borates, 
sulphur,  acids,  alkalies,  nitrogen, 
potash,  phosphoric  «cid,  urine, 
citrus  fruits,  poisons,  tannin,  wines, 
liquors,  and  industrial  products  gen- 
erally. 

WORKING  TESTS. 

Milling,   Concentration  and  Cyanide  TESTS  of    Ores 
and  Tailings — 

in  large  or  small  lots.     Also   tests   of  small 
samples  by  the  chlorination    and  hyposul- 
phite processes. 
We  Call  Your  Attention— 

to  our  complete  milling,  concentration  and 
cyanide  plant,  the  object  of  which  is  to  make 
practical  working  tests  of  ores  for  their 
adaptability  to  treatment. 


WADE  &   WADE 


Chemical  Laboratory 


Analysis  of  Ores,  Water,  Fertilizers,  Oils,  and  Natural 
Products  generally. 


WADE  &   WADE  9 

The  plant  consists  of  a  stamp  mill,  a  Frue-Vanner 
concentrator,  an  automatic  ore  feeder,  a  Dodge 
ore  breaker,  a  set  of  pulverizing  rolls,  and  cyaniding 
vats,  pumps,  etc. 

LARGE  SAMPLES. 

Only  place  in  Southern  California  where  large 
lots  of  ore  can  be  crushed  and  sampled  accurately 
for  assaying  or  anaylsis.  All  crushing  done  by  ma- 
chinery and  electric  power  in  ton  lots,  more  or  less. 

UMPIRE  AND  CHECK  ASSAYS. 
We  make  a  specialty  of  umpire  and  check  assay- 
ing. Our  work  has  been  checked  up  repeatedly  by 
the  smelting  companies,  the  U.  S.  Mint,  and  the  most 
reputable  commercial  assayers  and  chemists  in  the 
United  States,  and  always  found  substantially  cor- 
rect. But  we  do  not  claim  to  be  infallible  or  not 
liable  to  mistakes,  and  are  always  glad  to  repeat  our 
work  under  reasonable  circumstances,  without  extra 
charges.  (See  Appendix  IV — Umpire  Assaying.) 

ASSISTANTS. 

None  but  experienced  and  trustworthy  assistants 
are  employed  by  us.  Personal  attention  to  all  cus- 
tom work. 

SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  LIBRARY. 

Our  library  of  scientific  and  technical  works  and 
journals,  devoted  to  mining,  metallurgy,  mineralogy, 
chemistry,  and  cognate  subjects,  is  unique  for  its 
variety  and  select  quality ;  aM  of  which  visitors  arc 
welcome  to  consult. 


WADE  &   WADE. 


Chemical  Laboratory 


Analysis  of  Limestones*  Clays,  Borates,  Oils,   Bitumens, 
Sugar   Beets  etc. 


WADE  &  WADE  // 

MINERAL  AND  ORE  COLLECTION. 
This  consists  of  a  ~reat  variety  of  specimens  of 
rare  and  economic  minerals  and  ores  collected  from 
all  over  the  United  States,  and  foreign  lands,  which 
we  are  always  pleased  to  exhibit. 

SPECTROSCOPE  AND  POLARISCOPE. 

Two  important  and  useful  adjuncts  to  our  appa- 
ratus, are,  a  direct  vision  spectroscope  (valuable 
among"  other  things  as  a  means  of  testing  lithium 
in  water,  etc.,  and  other  rare  metals,)  and  a  mag- 
nificent polariscope,  such  as  is  used  in  testing  sugar 
beets  and  saccharine  products  generally. 

MINE  EXAMINATION  AND  SURVEYING. 
This  department  is  conducted  by  Messrs.  John 
Goldsworthy  and  Harry  V.  Wheeler,  civil  and  min- 
ing engineers  and  experts,  who  have  had  long  ex- 
perience on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in  Mexico  and  else- 
where. Will  make  thorough  and  practical  exam- 
ination and  survey  of  mines  or  mineral  deposits,  with 
plats  or  any  other  graphical  information  desired. 
Any  business  in  this  lirie  will  be  carefully  and 
promptly  attended  to. 

MINING  LAW  DEPARTMENT. 
In  connection  with  our  establishment  we  have  also 
a  mining-law  department,  which  is  carefully  looked 
after  by  Messrs.  Geo.  W.  King  and  Willoughby 
Cole,  Attorneys-at-Law.  These  gentlemen  have  had 
extensive  practice  in  mining  law>  and  will  conscien- 
tiously attend  to  any  mining  cases  presented  to  them, 
in  the  State,  Territorial  or  Federal  Courts. 


WADE  &   WADE 


Assay  Office,  Library  and  Weighing  Room 


N.  Main  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


WADE  &   WADE  13 

MINING  BLANKS. 

Location  notices  and  other  blanks  furnished  on 
application. 

ASSAYING  OUTFITS— MINING  MACHINERY. 
Either  first-class  or  second-hand,  handled  on  com- 
mission. We  are  always  glad  to  assist  or  advise  in 
their  purchase  or  sale.  For  assaying  outfits  and 
second-hand  mining  machinery  we  have  frequent 
calls.  MINES. 

Parties  desiring  to  purchase  or  sell  mines  or  min- 
eral deposits,  or  have  them  examined,  surveyed,  plat- 
ted, etc.,  will  also  do  well  to  consult  with  us. 

STANDARD  METHODS. 

We  have  no  secret  processes  or  nostrums,  but 
employ  the  standard  methods  used  and  proven  by 
experience  throughout  the  world. 

WADE  &  WADE, 

115^  N.  Main  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Graduates  of  the  University  of  Georgia,   and  of  the  Columbian 
University,  Corcoran  Sc.  Department,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Long  experience  in  the  West. 

REFERENCES. 

Farmers  &  Merchants  Bank,  L.  A. 
First  National  Bank,  L.  A. 
L.  A.  National  Bank. 

F.  W.  Braun  &  Co.,  wholesale  druggists,  L.  A. 
Los  Angeles  Business  College,  L.  A. 
Jno.  Taylor  &  Co.,  dealers  in  mining  and  assay 
supplies,  S.  F.,  and  our  advertisers,  et  al. 


i4  WADE  &  WADE 


Assay  Office— Crushing  nachinery  and  Electric  Motor 


Large  Samples  Sampled  and  Assayed. 
\\5l/z  N.  Hain  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


PREFACE  15 


PREFACE  TO  FIRST  EDITION. 

We  off er  this  little  volume  to  the  mining  'public ; 
especially  to  those,  unhappily  too  numerous,  who 
possess  little  or  no  knowledge  of  metallurgy.  To 
such  we  believe  it  will  be  of  value.  It  is  not  in- 
tended as  a  text-book,  or  for  the  making  of  experts, 
but  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  scope  and  applica- 
tion of  metallurgical  processes  used  in  extracting 
gold  from  its  ores.  Hence,  we  omit  largely  the 
technical  details — which  may  be  found  in  numerous 
technical  works  and  journals — giving  chiefly  an  out- 
line of  the  common  commercial  processes  and  the 
principles  involved. 

In  this  connection  we  are  reminded  of  a  "mining" 
man  who  inquired  of  us  about  the  cost  of  a  cyanide 
plant.  Upon  being  asked  if  he  had  had  any  cyanide 
tests  of  his  ore,  he  replied,  "No,"  but  that  he  knew 
it  would  work,  because  it  was  from  a  "cyanide  coun- 
try," (meaning  syenitic  granite!)- 

It  being  beyond  the  purview  of  this  work,  as  set 
forth  above,  we  omit  any  lengthy  homilies  on  miner- 
alogy, geology,  etc.,  but  add  in  appendices  much 
information  in  regard  to  amalgams,  amalgamation 
tests,  prospecting,  weights  and  measures,  water 
rights,  measurement  of  water,  assaying  and  mining 

law*  THE  AUTHORS. 


i6 


WADE  &  WADE 


Assay  Furnaces 


Petroleum  Oils  Analyzed 


PREFACE  17 


PREFACE  TO  SECOND  EDITION. 

The  great  appreciation  and  continued  demand 
induce  us  to  issue  a  new  and  revised  edition  of  this 
work.  We  have  endeavored  and  believe  we  have 
made  the  subject-matter  standard  and  up  to  date. 
Many  new  ideas  and  processes  are  floating  around, 
but  their  practicability  or  commercial  success  being 
not  evident,  we  forbear  the  mention  of  them.  Also 
processes  mentioned  in  the  former  edition,  which 
have  proved  a  failure  or  had  only  a- limited  success 
have  been  eliminated.  We  do  not  endorse  or  advo- 
cate any  particular  process  or  machinery,  though 
it  may  be  mentioned  in  this  work,  unless  it  is  within 
our  own  experience.  The  title  has  been  slightly 
enlarged  from  that  of  the  former  edition,  in  order  to 
emphasize  the  value  and  importance  of  the  Chapter 
on  Mining  Laws,  etc.,  which  has  been  thoroughly 
revised  by  Mr.  Geo.  W.  Knox,  Mining  and  Corpora- 
tion Attorney,  of  Los  Angeles,  to  whom  we  extend 
our  thanks.  THE  AUTHQRS_ 


z8 

THE  OLDEST  AND  THE  BEST 

LO5  ANGELES 

Business  College 

AND 

School  of  Assaying 

212  West  Third  Street 

Currier  Block 

Offers  superior  advantages  to  young  people  desiring 
to  fit  themselves  for  useful  positions  in  life.  Thor- 
ough courses  in  Bookkeeping,  Shorthand,  Tpyewrit- 
ing  and  ASSAYING.  Write  for  catalogue  or  call  on 
the  LOS  ANGELES  BUSINESS  COLLEGE,  212  W. 
Third  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


The  Young  flan's  Opportunity 

NO  profession  offers  greater  opportunity  to  make 
an  independent  fortune,  or  to  utilize  the  tal- 
ents, and  sharpen  the  mind,  than  those  of  Min- 
ing and  Metallurgy.  They  require  a  knowledge  of 
more  of  the  Chemical  and  Physical  Sciences  and  Arts 
than  almost  any  other  profession.  The  foundation 
and  open  sesame  of  these  is  Practical  Assaying  and 
Chemical  Analysis.  In  order  to  give  the  young  man 
an  opportunity  of  starting  in  these  professions,  we 
offer  a  practical  course  of  ASSAYING,  which  is  con- 
ducted by  Prof.  E.  M.  Wade,  of  ihe  well  known  and 
reputable  firm  of  Wade  &  Wade. 

Los  Angeles  Business   College 


j.  P.  MCALLISTER,        A.  j.  MCCONB        w.  LEWIS  BELL, 

President  Vice- President  Manager 


.  .  INCORPORATED  .  . 

PULTON  ENGINE  WORKS 

OIL   WELL  TOOLS  AND  MACHINERY 
ENGINES  AND  BOILERS 


Power,  Centrifugal  and  Steam  Pumps,  Shafting,  Boxes, 

Split  Wood  and  Iron  Pulleys  and  all  Appliances 

for  Power  Transmission,   Brass  and 

Iron    Castings 

QUARTZ  mil,  MINING  AND  8AWMILL 
MACHINERY 

Cor.  Chavez  and  Quierolo  Sts. 

OFF  N.  /W/4/A  ST. 

P.  O.  Box  296,  Station  C,          mcnM^PiPC      ^  n  I 
Tel.  Main  661  |_08    ANGELES,    (AL 


fl. 


&  Sons  Rope  Go. 


Sole  Manufacturers 


PATENT  FLATTENED  STRflND 


(TRADE  MAKK  RKGISTKRED) 

This  is  not  a  new  brand  of  Rope.      It  has  been  on  the  flarket  for 

years. 


Lescnen  co.'s  Pot  flerioi  Hire  Rope  Tranoy 

For  transportation  of  ore,  dirt,  timber.     Loads  and 
unloads  automatically.     Operated  by  one  man. 


929-922  North  First  St.,  ...        ST.    LOUIS,   MO. 

47-49  South  Canal  St  ,   CHICAGO,  ILL 


GOLD— MERCURY 


CHAPTER  I 


IMPORTANT  PROPERTIES  OF  GOLD,  MERCURY/SUIVPHUR- 
ETS,  TELLURIDES,  QUARTZ  AND  SILICATES. 

GOLD. 

Is  a  yellow  metal,  with  metallic  lustre ;  malleable ; 
ductile;  sectile.  Specific  gravity  about  19.3  when 
pure;  in  nature  (native)  from  14.5  to  17.5,  aver- 
aging about  17  in  California;  hardness,  2.5  to  3. 
Fuses  at  about  1915  deg.  F.  Soluble  in  nitro-muri- 
atic  acid  (aq.  reg., )  and  in  solutions  of  chlorine, 
bromine,  iodine,  and  alkaline  cyanides.  Native  gold 
is  always  alloyed  with  silver  and  copper ;  sometimes 
with  iron,  lead  and  other  metals — platinum,  iridium, 
et  al.  In  regard  to  its  distribution  in  ores,  veins, 
etc.,  see  Appendix  III. 


MERCURY,  OR  QUICKSILVER. 

Is  a  white  lustrous  metal ;  opaque;  liquid;  boils 
at  about  680  deg.  F. ;  distills  and  condenses  similarly 
to  water.  Specific  gravity,  about  13.6.  Forms 
amalgams,  (no  doubt  more  or  less  weak  chemical 


20  SUL  PHURE  TS  or  SUL  PHIDES 

compounds,)  which  are  white,  pasty  or  somewhat 
hard  at  common  temperatures,  with  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, sodium,  and  a  few  other  metals.  This  property 
is  utilized  in  the  "free  milling"  process.  (See 
Chapter  III.) 

Ine  common  ore  of  mercury  is  cinnabar,  the  sul- 
phide ;  a  heavy,  carmine  red  mineral ;  specific  gravity 
8.9 ;  hardness,  2  to  2 . 5  ;  lustre  adamantine  to  earthy. 
Occurs  native  also. 


SULPHURETS  OR  SULPHIDES. 

Are  chemical  compounds  of  sulphur  and  the  met- 
als. In  color,  from  white  to  black,  usually  of  metal- 
lic lustre ;  brittle  or  sectile.  Specific  gravity,  from 
about  4.  to  6.5,  and  hardness,  2.  to  7.  Separated 
from  ores,  when  conaining  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead 
or  other  values,  by  means  of  concentrating  ma- 
chines, as  concentrates.  See  Chapter  V.,  on  "Con- 
centration." 

Iron  and  copper  "pyrites"  are  the  most  commonly 
occurring  sulphurets  in  ores;  frequently  auriferous, 
and  very  often  barren.  Their  color  ranges  from 
brass-yellow  to  bronze,  and  sometimes  whitish  when 
arsenical  pyrites  are  present.  Copper  pyrites  have 
usually  more  of  a  golden  color,  and  are  frequently 
iridescent  from  oxidation.  Hardness,  2.5  to  3.  Iron 
pvrites  have  more  of  a  brassy  color ;  usually  crystal- 
line ;  hardness,  6 .  to  6.5;  brittle.  Atmospheric 
agencies  change  them  to  oxides — noticed  in  the  often 
prevalent  shades  of  brown,  red  and  yellow  colors  in 
surface  ores. 


TELLURIDES-  QUARTZ—  SILICA  TES        21 

Pvrites  are  sometimes  utilized  in  the  manufacture 
of  sulphuric  acid.  See  tests  for  sulphur  in  Appen- 
dix I. 


TELLURIDES. 

Are  chemical  compounds  of  tellurium  (an  element 
very  similar  to  sulphur  in  many  respects,  but  also 
having  metallic  properties,)  and  gold,  silver,  lead, 
bismuth  and  some  other  metals.  They  usually  carry 
considerable  gold  and  silver ;  are  associated  with, 
and  often  like  sulphurets.  Color,  from  silver  white 
to  bronze  yellow ;  metallic  lustre.  Such  ores  are 
usually  roasted,  and  either  chlorinated  or  cyandied. 
Oxidized  tellurium  ores  occur  also.  (See  tests, 
Appendix  I.) 

QUARTZ  AND   SILICATES. 

Quartz  is  essentially  silica  (the  oxide  of  the  met- 
allic element,  silicon.)  In  color,  it  ranges  from 
white  to  black,  and  is  transparent,  translucent, 
opaque,  crystalline  or  amorphous ;  massive ;  granu- 
lar, etc. ;  specific  gravity,  2.5  to  2.8;  hardness,  7. 
It  is  very  hard,  scratching  glass  easily;  infusible 
alone ;  not  attacked  by  the  common  mineral  acids ; 
is  etched  by  hydrofluoric  acid,  and  forms  a  glass 
when  melted  with  soda  and  other  metallic  oxides. 
It  is  a  large  constituent  of  most  mineral  veins  and 
country  rocks,  either  free  or  combined  as  silicates 
with  the  metallic  oxides  (soda,  potash,  lime,  iron  and 
alumina,  principally.) 


22  MINERALS 

MINERALS  MISTAKEN  FOR  GOLD. 

Yellow  quartz  and  mica,  and  pyrites,  iron  sulphur- 
ets  ("fool's  gold/')  are  the  most  common. 

Mica  is  cleavable,  fissile.  Pyrites  are  brittle,  acted 
upon  by  nitric  acid,  giving  off  reddish  brown  vapors, 
and  easily  fusible,  emitting  sulphurous  fumes.  The 
knife-point  applied  to  the  mineral  will  often  suffice 
to  determine  the  presence  or  absence  of  gold,  which 
is  not  brittle,  and  appears  the  same  from  all  points 
of  view,  while  pyrites  glitter  usually  and  change 
appearances  when  turned  in  the  light.  "All  is  not. 
gold  that  glitters" — and  in  fact,  native  gold  very 
seldom  glitters. 


NOTE. 

"Specific  gravity"  is  the  ratio  of  the  weight  of  it 
body  to  that  of  an  equal  volume  of  some  standard 
substance — water  in  the  case  of  solids  and  liquids. 

"Hardness"  is  that  quality  of  a  mineral  the  degree 
of  which  is  determined  by  its  power  to  scratch  or  be 
scratched  by  other  minerals,  as  arranged  by  an  arbi- 
trary scale.  The  scale  of  hardness  in  general  use  is  : 
i,  talc  2,  gypsum;  3,  calcite;  4,  fluorite;  5,  apatite; 
6,  feldspar ;  7,  quartz ;  8,  topaz  ;  9,  sapphire ;  10,  dia- 
mond. 


HARPER  &  REYNOLDS  Co. 

Carry  a  complete  line  of 

Miners' 
Supplies^ 

Steel,  Picks,  Shovels, 
Hose  and  Beiting, 
Steel  and  Iron  Rope, 
Dynamite,  Caps  and  Fuse, 
Corrugated  Iron 


CORRESPONDENCE    SOLICITED 


Harper  &  Reynolds  Co. 

152  and  154  North  Plain  St, 

153  and  1 55  North  Los  Angeles  St. 


LOS  ANGELES,  -  -  -  CALIFORNIA 


C  DUCOMMUN 


300=302  N.  Main  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
ASSAY, 

Mill  and  Mine  supplies 


Becker  and  Troemner 
Assay  Scales, 
Bohemian  Glass  Ware,  Etc. 
Denver  Fine  Clay 
Crucibles  Etc. 

Write  lor  Prices  and  ask  for  Catalogue. 


PROCESSES  23 


CHAPTER  II 

OUTLINE  OF  PROCESSES  AND  OPERA- 
TIONS. 

Three  properties  of  gold  are  utilized  in  its  extrac- 
tion, viz.,  forming  an  amalgam  or  an  alloy ;  dissolv- 
ing in  chemical  solutions ;  and  its  specific  gravity. 

The  methods  or  processes  are : 

1.  Mechanical,    including    milling    and    concen- 
tration. 

2.  Chemical,  including  cyaniding  and  chlorina- 
tion,  with  various  modifications  and  smelting,  ap- 
plicable more  especially  to  silver,  lead  and  copper 
ores,  and  for  gold  incidentally. 

Crushing  and  pulverizing  are  nearly  always  neces- 
sary;  and  also  sometimes  sizing  (separating  the  pul- 
verized ore  into  different  grades  of  fineness,)  and 
other  mechanical  operations ;  or  roasting,  (to  rid  of 
sulphur,  zinc,  arsenic,  etc.,)  and  drying,  as  a  pre- 
liminary preparation. 

In  regard  to  their  free-milling  qualities,  ores  may 
be  divided  technically  into : 

1.  FREE  MILLING,  OR  MILLING— 

the  gold  of  which  is  practically  all  capable  of  amal- 
gamation by  ordinary  "milling."    (See  Chapter  IV.) 

2.  REFRACTORY— 


24  PROCESSES 

That  is,  the  gold  being  incapable  of  amalgamation 
ordinarily,  on  account  of  some  prohibiting  physical 
or  chemical  condition,  as  for  instance,  it  is  so  fine 
that  it  floats ;  is  coated  with  sulphur,  arsenic  or  iron  ; 
intimately  associated  with  sulphurets ;  chemically 
combined  with  tellurium  (tellurides)  or  other  ele- 
ments ;  or,  on  account  of  the  physical  nature  of  the 
ore  (talcose,  clayey,)  too  much  sulphurets,  or  heavy 
metallic  oxides.  The  gold  of  this  class  may  some- 
times be  largely  amalgamated  by  means  of  intimate 
grinding  with  mercury. 

An  ore  is  nowadays  rarely  fully  free-milling,  the 
gold  being  generally  both  free  and  refractory.  The 
extent  to  which  it  belongs  to  the  one  or  the  other 
decides  largely  what  methods  should  be  adopted  in 
treatment. 

This  should  be  decided  generally  by  means  of 
careful  working  tests. 

A  combination  of  processes  is  often  necessary  for 
success. 

Concentration  may  follow  milling,  or  milling  be 
preceded  or  followed  by  cyaniding,  etc.  Concen- 
trates are  either  smelted,  cyanided,  chlorinated  or 
roasted  and  amalgamated  by  grinding  in  pans. 

The  tailings  from  free-milling  ores  usually  carry 
sufficient  values  to  pay  for  cyaniding. 

Ores  of  less  than  $3.00  per  ton  value  are  being 
worked  at  a  profit,  by  milling  and  concentration. 
Likewise,  gold  tailings  of  less  than  $1.00,  and  ore 
of  less  than  $4.00  per  ton  value,  by  cyaniding. 

In  Colorado,  a  high-grade  concentrate  is  obtained 
after  chlorination. 


PROCESSES  25 

A  system  of  treatment  sometimes  suitable  to 
mixed  gold  and  silver  ores,  is  to  wet-crush,  amal- 
gamate on  plates,  concentrate  and  treat  the  tailings 
by  pan  amalgamation. 

Local  conditions,  transportation,  fuel,  water,  la- 
bor, etc.,  requiring  the  attention  of  an  expert,  must 
be  considered  in  regard  to  selecting  the  method  of 
treatment. 

CAUSES  OF  FAILURE- 
TWO  general  causes  of  failure  in  mining  opera- 
tions prevail,  viz.,  incompetent  management  and  in- 
sufficient development  of  the  mine  before  erecting 
machinery,  or  so  that  the  general  character  of  the 
ore  and  its  extent,  on  which  the  methods  of  treat- 
ment and  the  magnitude  of  the  plant  depend  largely, 
may  be  determined.  Free-milling  ores  often  change 
to  sulphurets  and  become  refractory  below  the  water 
level ;  and  it  may  happen  that  the  ore  becomes  too 
wet  for  dry  crushing,  thus  necessitating  the  putting 
in  of  drying  or  calcining  machinery. 

A  vein  does  not  always  grow  richer  as  it  goes 
down.  Experience  in  a  particular  locality  is  usually 
the  only  guide  as  to  that.  A  practically  inexhausti- 
ble low-grade  ore  may  be,  and  is,  in  fact,  being 
worked  in  places,  by  means  of  very  large  machinery. 
Failure  is  also  not  infrequently  due  to  experiment- 
ing with  untried  machinery,  or  to  the  lack  of  suffi- 
cient capital. 


P.&B. 
PAINT 

..FOR.. 

HINES,  CHLORINATION  WORKS, 

SMELTERS  AND  REFINERIES 


THE  CYANIDE 

PROCESS 

PC*       C>  ROOFINGS    put     up     in 

•     0t      fj»  rolls  to  lay  200  square  feet 

with    paint  and  nails.  Absolutely  acid,  and  alkali 
proof. 

PARAFFINE  PAINT 
COHPANY 

SOLE   nANUFACTURERS 

116  Battery  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

3i2=3i4  W.  Fifth  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


LOS  ANGELES,  CAL. 
WHOLESALE 


Grooers 


And  Wholesale 


Headquarters   RQESSLER-H ASSLACHER 

CYANIDE 


Guaranteed  to  be  98  to  99  per  cent. 
Chemically  Pure 


CORRESPONDENCE 
SOLICITED. 


26  CRUSHING  AND  PULVERIZING 


CHAPTER  III 


CRUSHING   AND   PULVERIZING MACHINERY 

EMPLOYED. 

The  degree  of  fineness  necessary  for  proper  treat- 
ment of  an  ore  depends  on  its  chemical  and  physical 
nature  and  the  methods  of  treatment.  Generally, 
hard,  compact  ores  require  fine  pulverizing;  and 
porous  ores,  or  those  with  much  sulphurets  or  coarse 
gold,  require  only  coarse  crushing.  Fine  pulveriz- 
ing is  often  'more  necessary  in  milling  than  in  cyan- 
iding  or  chlorination. 

The  operation  of  crushing  or  pulverizing  gener- 
ally consists  of  the  following: 

1.  CpARSE  CRUSHING— 

or  breaking,  by  means  of  breakers,  followed  by 

2.  FINE  PULVERIZING- 

by  means  of  rolls,  stamps,  ball  pulverizers,  etc. 

3.  SCREENING— 

This  is  done  in  connection  with  fine  pulverizing, 
in  order  to  regulate  the  size  of  the  ore  particles. 

Before  being  broken,  fine  ore  is  usually  separated 
from  the  coarser  lumps,  which  go  to  the  breaker, 
by  dumping  onto  a  grizzly — a  row  of  inclined  iron 


CRUSHING  AND  PULVERIZING  27 

bars  set  the  width  of  the  breaker  jaws  from  each 
other. 

Breakers  are  represented  commonly  by  two  types, 
viz. : 

1.  The  Dodge,  Blake,  and  other  makes,  having 
two  flat  jaws,  one  fixed  and  the  other  movable  re- 
ciprocally on  a  pivot. 

2.  The  Gates,   Comet,  and  others,  having  two 
circular  jaws,  one  revolving  within  the  other,  which 
is  fixed. 

ROLLS- 

Consist  of  two  iron  cylinders  which  revolve  against 
each  other  horizontally,  receiving  and  pulverizing 
the  product  from  a  coarse  crushing  machine. 
Screens  separate  the  fine,  and  elevators  return  the 
coarser  material. 

Rolls  are  used  for  dry  pulverizing,  generally  in 
sets  of  two  or  more. 


RKCIPROCATING 
FLAT  JAW 
CRUSHER 


PULVERIZING  ROLLS 


PARKK   &  LACY  COMPANY 
SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAI,. 


GEARED 
HOIST 


DODGE  BREAKER. 


Mining  Machinery 

Ingersoll-Sargeant 
Air  Compressors  and  Rock  Drills 

RODD  Straight  Line  Furnace 

Huntington  Centrifugal  Roller  Quartz  Mill 

Simmons  Ball-Bearing  Hydraulic  Giants 

The  James  Automatic  Ore  Feeder 

The  Bartiett  Concentrating  Table 

WE  CARRY  IN  STOCK: 


ugiucM,     nurse     .rower    nuistnig    wnims,     water  wneei 

Steam   Pumps,   Ore  Cars,    Wire    Rope,    Ore    Buckets 

Water  Buckets,   Skips,   Blowers,    tnd  Exhaust 

Fans,    Shafting    and    Pulleys,     Belting 

Oils    and     Mine    Supplies 

SOLE  AGENTS  FOR 

Manganese  Steel  Shoes  and  Dies 

Estimates  Furnished  for  Complete  Plans  for  hoisting  works, 
Smelters,  Concentrating  and  Stamp  Mills. 

Parke  &  Lacy  Company 

21  and  23  Fremont  Street. 
....SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL.. 


Assayers'  flaterials 


A  Complete  Line  Constantly  in  Stock 


This  Illustration  shows  Gary  Combination  Furnace  No.  30 

Melting  and  Cupelling  Simultaneously 

with  one  Burner. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 

L.  &  C.  and  Gary  Furnaces 

and  Calkins  Cupel  Machines 

Crushers,  Pulverizers,  etc. 

Mew  Illustrated  Catalogue  upon  Application 

F.  W.  BRAUN  &  CO. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


30  MILLING   PROCESS 


CHAPTER  IV 

FREE-MILLING  OR  MILLING. 

Depends  on  the  fact  that  gold  combines  or  amal- 
gamates with  mercury  under  certain  conditions.  It 
is  a  processv.bf  wet  crushing  and  amalgamation,  both 
proceeding^  at  the  same  time.  It  is  necessary  to  lib- 
erate the  gold  by  means  of  crushing,  in  order  to 
bring  it  in  contact  with  the  mercury.  Different  ores 
require  different  degrees  of  fineness,  depending  on 
the  chemical  and  physical  condition  of  the  ore  and 
its  gold  contents.  The  pulverizing  or  crushing  is 
done  in  a  "quartz  mill,"  which  is  generally  given  the 
function  of  amalgamation  also.  The  mercury  is 
utilized  as  a  thin  coating  on  inclined  copper  plates, 
placed  outside  and  inside,  and  as  loose  mercury  in- 
side the  mill.  The  ore,  after  passing  through  a 
breaker,  if  necessary,  is  fed  to  the  mill,  crushed  and 
washed  out  through  a  discharge  screen,  with  a  con- 
tinuous flow  of  water,  over  the  outside  plates,  and 
off  as  tailings.  The  gold  settles  down  on  the  mer- 
cury, and  assumulates  as  amalgam,  which  is  period- 
ically cleaned  up,  retorted,  melted,  and  cast  into  + 
bar  of  bullion.  The  gold  is  caught  mostly  inside 
the  mill,  and  at  the  upper  end  of  the  outside  plate. 


MILLING  PROCESS  31 

Inside  amalgamation  is  not  always  permissible  or 
advisable,  especially  with  highly  sulphuretted  or  base 
ores,  Which  foul  or  "sicken"  the  mercury  and  pre- 
vent amalgamation. 

Mercury  is  charged  into  the  mill  every  two  or 
three  hours,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  richness 
of  the  ore,  in  quantities  about  three  times  the  weight 
of  the  gold  (estimated  by  hornspoon  test,  see  page 
78),  to  be  in  the  ore  crushed  during  the  interval. 
The  condition  of  the  amalgam,  which  should  be 
pasty,  retaining  the  impression  of  the  finger  nail,  is 
a  good  indication  as  to  the  proper  amount  of  mer- 
cury to  be  charged. 

Mills  are  of  two  general  types,  represented  by 

1.  THE  STAMP  MILL- 

acting  with  percussion,  similar  to  the  blow  of  a  ham- 
mer on  an  anvil. 

2.  THE    HUNTINGTON,    BRYAN,    LANE 

SLOW  SPEED, 
and  others,  called  in  common,  roller  quartz  mills. 


THE    STAMP    MILL. 

Is  considered  par  excellence  the  machine  for  mill- 
ing, being  most  generally  in  use.  Its  main  parts 
are: 

i.     THE  MORTAR— 

A  rectangular  cast-iron  box,  with  slots,  usually  on 
one  side  only,  for  holding  the  frame  of  a  discharge 
screen.  The  mortar  is  set  firmly  on  and  bolted  to 
a  wood  or  board  mortar  block,  set  firmly  in  the 
ground. 


32  MILLING  PROCESS 

2.  THE  STAMPS— 

Usually  in  sets  or  "batteries"  of  five,  and  the  dies, 
one  to  each  stamp,  on  which  the  crushing  is  done. 
Two  and  three-stamp  mills  are  made  with  single, 
double  or  triple  discharge. 

3.  THE  LIFTING  MECHANISM- 

A  horizontal  shaft  on  which  are  keyed  double-armed 
cams,  one  for  each  stamp,  and  a  driving  pulley.  The 
cam,  i-n  its  upward  movement,  gives  a  vertical  lift 
and  revolving  motion  to  the  stamp  by  striking  un- 
derneath a  collar  or  tappet  keyed  on  a  central  stamp 
stem. 

THE  STAMP— 

Consists  of  a  long  stem  fitting  into  a  socket  of  a 
cylindrical  head  or  boss,  and  a  movable  shoe  (the 
wearing  part)  held  by  means  of  a  shank  and  wooden 
wedges  driven  tightly  into  a  lower  socket  of  the 
head.  The  stamp  stems  are  supported  vertically  by 
guides,  and  reversible  when  broken.  The  die  is 
round,  with  square  base,  and  sets  best  on  a  bed  of 
tailings  on  the  bottom  of  the  mortar.  Shoes  and 
dies  are  made  of  the  hardest  cast  iron  or  forged 
steel. 

SCREENS- 

Under  fixed  conditions,  regulate  the  rate  of  dis- 
charge and  size  of  ore  particles.  They  are  made 
usually  of  slotted,  sometimes  round-punched,  Rus- 
sian iron,  plain  or  burred ;  and  sometimes  of  brass  or 
steel  wire,  etc.,  and  designated  by  the  number  of  the 
needle  fitting  for  punched  or  slotted,  and  by  the 
number  of  meshes  per  linear  inch  for  wire  screens. 


MILLING  PROCESS  33 

COMPARISON  OF  SIZES. 

No.  of     Corresponding  Width  of  Slot  Weight  per 

Needle.  Mesh.  (Inches).  Sq.  ft.  (Ibs.) 

5  20  *o  029  i  15 

6  25  o  027  i  08 

7  30  o  024  o  987 

8  35  o  022  o  918 

9  40  o  020  o  827 

10  50  o  018  o  735 

11  55  b  016  o  666 

12  60  o  015  o  660 

Nos.  6  to  9,  slotted,  and  Nos.  30  to  40  wire  screens 
are  most  in  use.  For  low-grade  ores  No.  n  slotted 
is  considerably  used.  Screens  last  from  two  to  five 
weeks,  more  or  less,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
ore,  and  other  conditions.  Chock  blocks  are  some- 
times placed  underneath  the  screens  to  keep  con- 
stant height  of  discharge,  as  the  dies  wear  down. 

PLATES- 

are  usually  electroplated  with  silver,  about  i  oz.  per 
sq.  ft.,  the  advantage  being  that  they  work  better 
from  the  start  and  are  kept  clean  more  easily.  Out- 
side plates  are  usually  in  one  continuous  plane,  but 
sometimes  stepped ;  width  the  same  as  the  mortar, 
and  length  about  10  ft.,  varying  up  to  about  20  feet. 
The  inclination  is,  say,  from  ^  to  2^  inches  per 
foot,  (the  latter  prevailing  largely,)  according  to  the 
nature  of  the  ore.  Inside  plates  are  placed  usually 


34  MILLING  PROCESS 

at  the  base  of  the  screen,  inclined  about  40  deg.,  and 
sometimes  in  the  rear  of  the  stamps. 

Various  amalgam  traps,  fine  gold  savers,  sluice 
boxes,  and  blankets  are  sometimes  placed  below  the 
plates  to  advantage. 

Copper  plates  absorb  gold  and  become  valuable  in 
time. 

THE  CLEANUP— 

This  is  done  generally  once  or  .twice  a  month  by 
rubbing  up  the  plates  and  cleaning  out  the  battery. 
All  ore,  particles  of  iron,  etc.,  are  separated  from  the 
liquid  amalgam,  which  is  then  squeezed  through  a 
cloth  or  buckskin,  and  retorted.  The  skimmings, 
rich  in  amalgam,  are  treated  in  a  grinding  pan  or 
clean-up  barrel  with  addition  of  more  mercury.  The 
strained  mercury  retains  some  gold.  Outside  plates 
are  cleaned  up  once  a  day  or  oftener. 

RETORTING  AND  MELTING- 

Retorting  is  a  process  of  distillation  used  to  sep- 
arate and  recover  the  mercury  from  the  amalgam, 
or  to  purify  mercury.  It  is  done  in  cup-shaped  or 
cylindrical  cast-iron  retorts,  into  which  the  amalgam 
is  placed,  and  closed  with  a  cover  luted  on  with  clay 
or  other  substances.  An  iron  condensing  pipe,  with 
a  jacket,  or  wrapped  with  sacks  or  cloth,  leads  from 
the  cover,  and  is  kept  cool  with  water  to  condense 
the  mercury.  It  is  best  to  line  the  interior  of  the 
retort  with  chalk  paste  or  equal  parts  of  clay  and 
graphite,  which  is  allowed  to  dry.  Paper  or  cloth  is 
sometimes  placed  on  the  bottom  to  prevent  sticking. 


MILLING  PROCESS  35 

Do  not  dip  the  condenser  in  water — dangerous. 
Loosely  fit  on  the  end  a  piece  of  canvas  rolled  cylin- 
drically,  and  allow  the  end  to  dip  in  the  water.  The 
charge  should  not  occupy  more  than  about  two- 
thirds  the  capacity  of  the  retort,  and  it  is  best  to 
cover  with  a  loosely  fitting  asbestos  board.  A  gen- 
tle heat  is  started  and  increased  to  near  redness 
until  the  mercury  is  all  over  in  the  receiver  (filled 
with  water,)  and  then  to  redness  for  a  few  minutes. 
The  gold,  left  in  a  porous  or  spongy  mass,  is  melted 
with  fluxes  in  plumbago  crucibles,  and  cast  into  a 
bar. 

FINENESS  OF  BULLION— 

The  gold  obtained  nearly  always  contains  silver, 
copper  and  some  other  base  metals,  making  more  or 
less  "base  bullion."  The  fineness  is  determined  by 
assay,  and  is  stated  in  parts  per  1000;  thus,  gold 
"850  fine"  means  850  parts  by  weight  in  1000  parts 
of  bullion.  1000  fine  is  absolutely  pure  gold. 

DRESSING  OF  PLATES- 

Mercury  is  sprinkled  on  and  rubbed  with  a  brush 
once  every  day  or  oftener,  as  is  necessary,  and  a 
weak  solution  of  potassium  cyanide  applied  to  clean 
the  plates  and  remove  spots  of  verdigris.  Also  lye, 
sulphuric  acid,  salamoniac,  ammonia,  and  various 
secret  nostrums  are  used  for  cleaning  plates.  So- 
dium amalgam  is  sometimes  added  to  the  mercury 
to  liven  it  up  or  cure  "sickening."  The  silvering, 
when  worn  off  in  spots,  may  be  replaced  by  rubbing 
on  silver  amalgam. 


36  MILLING  PROCESS 

ASSAYS- 

Of  head,  battery  and  tailing  samples  should  be  made 
daily.  The  ore  (head)  is  sampled  usually  by  catch- 
ing a  shovelful  under  the  feeder  every  half  hour  or 
so ;  and  the  tailings,  by  taking  a  bucketful  not  to 
overflowing,  periodically,  and  allowing  to  settle  and 
the  water  carefully  poured  off.  Automatic  samplers 
for  tailings  are  coming  into  use.  See  page  40. 

CONDITIONS  OF  GOOD  AMALGAMATION. 

The  grade  of  the  plates,  amount  of  water,  fineness 
of  crushing,  and  feed  must  be  carefully  regulated, 
grease  kept  out  of  the  mill,  and  the  mercury  pure. 
The  pulp  should  flow  down  the  plates  in  successive 
waves.  Grease  may  be  neutralized  by  means  of  al- 
kali. 

The  general  rule  is :  Fine  crushing  of  com- 
pact ores,  or  those  containing  chiefly  fine  gold ;  and 
coarse  crushing  for  those  carrying  much  coarse 
auriferous  sulphurets  or  coarse  gold;  and  a  good 
coating  of  amalgam  on  the  plates.  The  plates  should 
not  be  cleaned  up  too  close.  The  loss  of  quicksilver 
should  not  exceed  one-sixth  (1-6)  oz.  per  ton  of 
free-milling  ore,  and  more  for  base  ores. 

Sulphurets  may  best  be  removed  by  concentra- 
tion sometimes,  before  running  over  plates. 

In  regard  to  the  temperature  of  the  battery  wat- 
ers, there  has  been  much  discussion,  and  the  general 
consensus  seems  to  be  that  it  should  be  not  belowr 
40  or  50  deg.  F. — heated  up  if  necessary  to  70  or  80 
deg.  F. 


MILLING  PROCESS  37 

DROPPING  OF  STAMPS,  HEIGHT  OF  DROP, 
DUTY,  Etc.— 

The  height  of  drop  varies  largely,  from  about 
"4  to  10"  inches,  averaging  about  "6  to  7"-  inches — 
"4^2  to  5"  inches  is  recommended  by  good  authori- 
ties. The  rate  of  drop  ranges  from  about  80  to  100 
per  minute,  averaging  about  90  drops  per  minute. 
The  Colorado  practice  is,  on  highly  sulphuretted 
ores,  light  stamp,  high  drop,  low  speed,  etc.  The 
tendency  is  toward  high  speed,  short  drop,  and  heav- 
ier stamps.  The  weight  of  stamps  vary  from  about 
600  to  1300  pounds,  averaging  about  850  pounds. 
The  height  of  discharge — i.  e.,  distance  from  bottom 
of  screen  to  top  of  die- — and  quantity  of  water  also 
regulate  the  size  of  crushing  and  the  output.  The 
order  of  drop  varies,  some  being  better  than  others, 
i,  5,  2,  4,  3  is  recommended  as  good. 

The  duty  of  stamps  varies  considerably,  accord- 
ing to  weight,  the  height  of  drop,  speed,  size  of 
screen,  nature  of  the  ore,  height  of  discharge,  width 
of  mortar,  etc.,  being  sometimes  four  tons  or  more 
per  stamp  in  24  hours. 

WATER  REQUIRED— 

Water  is  supplied  from  pipes  placed  into  the  rear 
of  the  battery  and  sometimes  in  front  over  the  plates. 
From  100  to  120  cubic  "feet  per  ton  of  ore  is  usually 
required,  but  the  quantity  varies  greatly.  A  miner's 
inch  per  24  hours  (about  9  gallons  per  minute)  is 
generally  reckoned  for  five  stamps,  and  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-third  miner's  inch  for  the  average 
concentrator  vanner. 


3&  MILLING  PROCESS 

POWER  REQUIRED. 

For  each  85o-lb.  stamp,  dropping  6  inches 

95  times  per  minute i  33  H.P. 

For  each  75o-lb.  stamp,  dropping  6  inches 
95  times  per  minute i  18  H.P. 

For  each  650-!!).  stamp,  dropping  6  inches 

95  times  per  minute i  oo  H.P. 

For  an  8xio-inch  Blake  pattern  rock 

breaker 9  oo  H.P. 

For  a  Frue  or  Triumph  vanner,  with  250 

revolutions  per  minute -.  . .  .  .o  50  H.P. 

For  a  4- foot  clean-up  pan,  making  30  rev- 
olutions   .1  50  H.P. 

For  an  amalgamating  barrel,  making  30 

revolutions 2  50  H.P. 

For  a  mechanical  batea,  making  30  revo- 
lutions   i  oo  H.P. 

— PRESTON. 

It  is  calculated  that  each  I35o-lb.  stamp  dropping 
loo  times  per  minute  will  require  2%  H.P. ;  each 
9OO-lb.  stamp,  at  the  same  drop  rate,  2  H.P.,  and 
each  75o-lb.  stamp  iy2  H.P.  Boiler  feed  for  each 
H.P.  per  hour  will  average  five  gallons  water;  each 
stamp  per  hour  will  require  from  60  to  75  gallons ; 
each  concentrator  per  hour  250  gallons. — Mng.  & 
Sc.  Press. 

ROLLER  QUARTZ  MILLS 

Operate  with  rollers  or  heavy  wheels  moving  on 
a  circular  track  or  die  inside  a  circular  mortar, 
around  the  periphery  of  which  discharge  screens  are 
placed.  The  crushing  force  is  due  to  either  cen- 


MILLING  PROCESS  39 

trifugal  action  or  to  the  weight  of  the  roller,  or  to 
both. 

The  general  principles  of  amalgamation  are  also 
applicable  to  these  mills.  The  advantages  claimed 
for  this  type  of  mill  are  lightness,  cheapness,  easi- 
ness of  transportation,  and  special  adaptability  to 
milling  soft  or  easily  crushed  ores — and  some  of 
them  even  to  working  hard  quartz. 

STEAM  STAMP  MILLS. 

In  this  kind  of  a  mill  the  lifting  power  is  applied 
directly  by  means  of  a  vertical  steam  cylinder,  in 
which  the  stamp  stem  acts  similar  to  a  piston  rod. 

THE   ARRASTRA— PAN   AMALGAMATION. 

The  arrastra  is  a  primitive  machine  (now  super- 
seded largely  by  the  stamp  and  other  mills),  built 
in  the  ground,  and  consisting  of  a  circular  vat  of 
flat  stones,  around  the  bottom  of  which  heavy  flat 
stones  are  dragged  by  means  of  a  vertical  shaft  and 
horizontal  tongue,  to  which  mule  or  other  power  is 
applied.  It  is  for  small  mines,  or  in  opening  new 
mines,  where  it  is  not  advisable  to  put  in  expensive 
machinery.  One  of  the  most  efficient  and  inex- 
pensive devices.  The  ore  is  fed  under  the  drag- 
stones  with  water  and  mercury,  and  when  suffi- 
ciently ground  to  a  pulp  and  the  mercury  mixed 
well,  the  mass  is  diluted  and  washed  out  through 
plug-holes  over  riffles.  The  amalgam  is  then  cleaned 
up  and  retorted.  Water  or  animal  power  may  be 
applied. 

From  this  machine  originated  tire  amalgamating 
pan,  consisting  of  a  cast-iron  vat  with  revolving 


40  MILLING  PROCESS 

mullers,  which  grind  up  and  mix  the  ore  with  mer- 
cury and  chemicals.  It  is  used  sometimes  in  treat- 
ing gold  ores,  concentrates,  tailings  and  battery 
sands,  but  more  generally  applied  to  working  silver 
ores.  AUTOMATIC  FEEDERS. 

Have  the  advantage  of  more  regular  feeding,  a 
greater  output,  and  the  saving  of  wear  and  tear  of 
mill.  Two  makes  are,  among  others,  in  general  use, 
viz.,  the  Challenge,  suited  to  wet  or  dry,  and  the 
Tulloch,  best  to  dry  ores. 

A  collar  on  one  of  the  stamp  stems  strikes  against 
a  level  extending  underneath  from  the  feeder  and 
operates  by  scraping  or  shaking  out  the  ore. 

AUTOMATIC  SAMPLING 

THE  correct  sampling  of  tailings   is   of   great   impor- 
tance.    For   this   purpose  the  AUTOMATIC   SAM- 
PLER    devised     by     Wade     &     Wade,     and     illustrated 
in    accompanying    figure,     is  used    after     the    plates   and 
concentrator    of    their   milling    and    concentration  plant. 


Automatic  Sampler 

The  pulp  flows  through  the  pipe  A  and  the  hollow  drum  and 
arms  B  C,  which  the  pressure  at  termiuals  C  revolves  on  a 
vertical  spindle  with  ball  bearing.  As  the  terminals  pass, 
over  the  slot  D  in  the  tray  F,  a  small  portion  of  pulp  falls 
through  at  regular  intervals  into  a  receptacle  below,  the 
main  flow  of  pulp  passing  off  down  the  launder  E. 


MILLING  PROCESS  41 

MILLING  AND  CONCENTRATION  TESTS. 

These  tests  are  much  more  valuable  than  are  mere 
assays,  in  that  large  quantities  of  ore  may  be  treated ; 
a  more  certain  valuation  of  a  lode  or  vein,  and  also 
an  indication  as  to  the  best  methods  of  working  the 
ore  thereof,  are  obtained. 

The  improvement  of  processes  and  machinery  ren- 
ders it  more  possible  to  work  profitably  large  bodies 
of  very  low  grade  ores,  in  which  a  very  small  mar- 
gin represents  the  difference  between  profit  and  loss. 
It  taxes  the  powers  and  skill  of  the  assayer  to  get  a 
sufficiently  accurate  valuation  of  such  ores,  requir- 
ing quite  a  number  of  assays,  and  the  most  delicate 
assay  balances  and  manipulation.  Hence,  it  be- 
comes necessary  for  low  grade,  and  advisable  even 
for  high  grade  ores,  which  may  contain  very  coarse 
gold  that  renders  accurate  sampling  difficult  or  im- 
possible, to  resort  to  the  larger  working  tests. 

In  order  to  give  a  conception  of  the  scope  and 
work  necessary  in  making  such  tests,  we  append 
copy  of  an  actual  report.  If  copper,  lead  or  other 
metallic  values  are  present,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  assay  the  ore,  concentrates  and  tailings  for  them 
also.  (See  appendix  I  for  small  amalgam  tests.) 


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44 


45 


Half  Vertical  Cross  Section  of  an  Arrastra. 


46 


Cross  Section  Stamp  Battery, 
Showing  Stamp  and  Mortar. 


Tappet  and  Head 


CROSS  SECTION   OF    COMPLETE 
MILLING    AND    CONCEN- 
TRATING PLANT. 


Shoe  and 
Die 


HUNTINGTON   MILL. 

PARKE    &    I,ACY    COMPANY, 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


AMALGAM  RETORT 


LANE  SLOW  SPEED 

ROLLER  MILL 


Slow  speed  gives  perfect  amalgamation.  Ex- 
tra good  mill  for  saving  fine,  flour  or  rusty  gold. 
Cheapest  mill  on  market.  Capacity  15  to  25  tons 
per  day  according  to  speed  and  double  that  of 
stamps  of  equal  cost.  Send  for  Catalogue. 


Thomson  &  BOOIB  Go. 

1101  to  1111  North  Main  St.  Los  Angeles,  Gal. 


CONCENTRA  TION  48 

CHAPTER    V 

CONCENTRATION. 

Is  a  process  of  separating  the  heavy  metallic  sul- 
phurets,  oxides,  etc.,  from  ores,  by  means  of  water 
and  concentrating  machinery,  and  is  applied  gener- 
ally after  wet  crushing  and  amalgamation,  when  a 
profitable  saving  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  or 
other  element  of  value  may  be  thereby  effected. 

The  type  of  concentrator,  or  "vanner,"  in  general 
use  consists  of  an  endless  rubber  belt  mounted  on  a 
shaking  frame  with  rollers.  The  belt  is  inclined 
lengthwise  at  a  suitable  angle,  revolves  toward  the 
higher  end,  and  is  given  a  shaking  motion,  either 
sideways,  endways,  or  a  combination  of  the  two. 
Near  the  head  is  a  water  pipe  and  stationary  dis.- 
tributor  box  placed  crosswise,  from  which  water  is 
admitted  onto  the  belt  in  jets.  Lower  down  is  a 
pulp  distributor  which  moves  with  the  shaking 
frame  and  belt.  The  pulp  and  water,  as  they  come 
from  the  mill,  are  distributed  over  the  belt.  The 
shaking  motion  settles  the  heavy  concentrates,  which 
cling  to  the  surface  of  the  belt  and  are  carried  over 
the  head  and  washed  into  a  box  of  water  below. 
The  water  jets  are  adjusted  so  as  to  keep  the  lighter 
gangue  matter  of  the  ore  moving  downward  towards 
the  foot  and  off,  without  losing  any  more  than  pos- 
sible of  the  concentrates. 

Even  after  concentration  the  tailings  may  still 
contain  considerable  value  capable  of  being  saved 
by  cyaniding  or  other  processes,  and  the  concen- 
trates may  be  either  poor  or  rich. 


49  CONCENTRATION 

The  quantity  of  water,  the  speed  and  incline  of 
belt,  and  the  thickness  of  pulp  have  all  to  be  care- 
fully regulated  to  suit  the  ore. 

Of  the  standard  belt  machines  the  Frue,  Triumph, 
and  Woodbury  are  in  general  use.  They  differ  in 
the  kind  and  speed  of  shake,  style  of  belt,  or  the 
general  arrangement  of  the  parts,  but  are  similar 
in  general  plan  and  mode  of  working. 

Concentrators  are  built  on  other  principles  (cen- 
trifugal force,  bumping,  shaking,  etc.  Of  the  shak- 
ing type  of  machine  may  be  mentioned  the  Wilfley 
and  the  New  Standard,  which  consist  of  a  large 
shaking  platform  covered  with  lineoleum  and  tra- 
versed lengthwise  with  small  wood  slats  decreasing 
in  length  and  thickness  from  head  to  tail.  As  the 
ore  pulp  and  water  are  fed  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  machine,  the  concentrates  gravitate  to  a  defined 
channel  at  the  lower  end,  while  the  lighter  gangue 
matter  passes  off  above.  These  machines  have  come 
into  extensive  use  and  proved  very  efficient. 
THE  BARTLETT  TABLED 
Is  somewhat  differently  constructed  from  the  Wil- 
fley, the  table  being  divided  into  three  descending 
shelves,  having  right-angled  triangular  grooves 
gradually  diminishing  in  area  toward  the  discharge 
end.  Each  shelf  has  a  separate  water  supply.  All 
tailings  and  middlings  which  pass  the  first  shelf 
return  to  the  end  of  the  second  and  third,  and  thus 
travel  over  a  great  distance.  As  the  ore  travels  the 
first  shelf  it  is  subjected  to  a  very  light  flow  of 
water,  thus  preventing  the  fine  stuff  from  being 


CONCENTRA  TION  50 

washed  over.  Having  removed  the  fine  ore,  more 
water  can  be  applied  to  the  succeeding  shelves.  This 
table  will  take  single  screened  ore  from  8-mesh 
down,  and  do  nearly  as  good  work  as  it  will  with 
sized  ore,  the  loss  from  slimes  being  very  small. 
This  also  separates  the  different  minerals  perfectly, 
and  will  save  the  fine  stuff  down  to  2OO-mesh  size. 
The  Bartlett  table  will  do  better  work  direct  from 
the  screens  and  without  the  intermediate  use  of  jigs 
and  other  concentrating  devices. 

"The  three-shelf  system  permits  great  nicety  of 
operation  and  practically  fulfills  the  operation  of 
sizing  and  separation  of  all  the  minerals  in  the  ore, 
one  from  the  other." 

Dry  concentrators  employing  air  blasts  or  cur- 
rents, are  not  yet  a  general  success. 

It  generally  requires  two  4-foot,  or  one  6-foot 
vanner  (the  two  sizes  usually  made,)  to  five  stamps, 
and  about  one-fourth  to  one-third  miner's  inch  (200 
to  300  gallons  per  hour)  for  each  vanner — or  2  to  4 
cubic  feet  per  minute  in  the  pulp,  and  half  as  much 
in  the  jets  (Louis.)  The  capacity  of  a  4- foot  Frue 
is  about  6  tons,  and  of  the  6- foot  up  to  12  tons  of  ore 
in  24  hours. 


Belt  or  "Vanner" 
Concentrator. 


H.  V.  WHEELER  JOHN  GOLDSWORTHY 


Goiosworinu  &  fcier 

Civil,  Mlnlno^  Hydraulic  Enolneers 

DEPUTY  UNITED  STATES 
MINERAL  SURVEYORS 

.  . . AND 

niNING  EXPERTS 


ALL  persons  contemplating   either   buying   or   selling 
mines  would  do  well  to   consult   us.     Agents   for   a 
L.rge  body  of  oil  land  in  Ventura  and    Los   Angeles 
counties.     Surveys    for   mining   patents  and   underground 
work  a  specialty. 

Give     us     a     call 


ROOMS  6  and  7  I    n~ 

5  128  N.  MAIN  st.  LOS 


H.  V.  WHEELER  JOHN  GOLDSWORTHY 


Goiflsworiuu  &  Wheeler 

Civil,  Minino^  Hydraulic  Engineers 

DEPUTY  UNITED  STATES 
MINERAL  SURVEYORS 

.  . . AND 

niNINQ  EXPERTS 


ALL  persons  contemplating   either   buying   or   selling 
mines  would  do  well  to   consult   us.     Agents   for   a 
Ltrge  body  of  oil  land  in  Ventura  and    Los   Angeles 
counties.     Surveys    for   mining   patents  and   underground 
work  a  specialty. 


ill 


ROOMS  6  and  7  I   n<-    AnCTplp^      C\f\\ 

uos  /Aneics,  cat. 


5    I28  N.  MAIN  St. 


Electro-Geodetic  Mining  Company 

518-519-520  Stimson   Building 
LOS  ANGELES,  -  CALIFORNIA 


We  have  the  Most  Wonderful  Ele= 
trical  Invention  of  the  Age.  ABSO= 
LUTELY  LOCATES  QUARTZ  AND 
PLACER  DEPOSITS,  Fullest  Scien- 
tific Investigation  invited. 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  51 


CHAPTER  VI 

THE  CYANIDE  PROCESS. 

Depends  on  the  solubility  of  gold  in  weak  alkaline 
cyanide  solutions,  and  its  recovery  from  solution  by 
means  of  precipitants — zinc,  electricity,  etc.  "Weak 
cyanide  solutions  have  a  selective  action  on  gold  in 
preference  to  the  base  metals."  The  commercial  "98 
per  cent."  salt  of  potassium  cyanide  is  generally 
used.  It  is  white,  very  poisonous,  and  quite  soluble 
in  wiater.  Price,  in  large  lots,  about  30  to  31  cents 
per  pound. 

OXYGEN  AND  OXIDIZERS— 

The  presence  of  oxygen  or  other  agent  which  lib- 
erates nascent  cyanogen  in  solution  is  recognized 
as  also  necessary  to  effect  the  solution  of  gold. 
Oxygen  derived  from  the  air  is  always  present  in 
the  cyanide  solutions,  generally  in  sufficient  quan- 
tity. Authorities  claim  that  about  a  25-100  per  cent 
cyanide  solution  contains  the  maximum  of  oxygen 
capable  of  solution.  The  addition  of  chemical  oxi- 
dizers — sodium  peroxide,  potassium  permanganate, 
etc., — have  been  tried,  but  with  little  or  no  generally- 
recognized  benefit,  though  claimed  so  in  some  in- 
stances. 


52  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

APPUCABILITY- 

The  process,  with  its  various  modifications,  is 
applicable  to  ores  and  tailings  (wet  or  dry  crushed) 
concentrates  and  slimes,  which  we  shall  call  in  com- 
mon, material.  The  gold  must  generally  be  very 
fine,  coarse  gold  dissolving  quite  slowly.  Gold 
telluride  dissolves  with  great  difficulty. 

More  or  less  silver  and  base  metals  are  extracted 
at  the  same  time,  and  some  silver  ores  are  well 
adapted  to  the  process,  but  the  expense  of  treat- 
ment is  generally  too  great. 

The  adaptability  of  any  particular  material  should 
be  determined  by  practical  Working  Tests. 

INTERFERING  SUBSTANCES- 
Are:  Copper  (which  is  often  difficult  or  impossible 
to  treat)  ;  antimony,  arsenic,  and  other  soluble  me- 
tallic sulphides ;  free  sulphuric  acid ;  iron  salts  re- 
sulting from  the  oxidation  of  pyrites ;  salts  of  mag- 
nesia, organic  matter,  manganese,  and  other  sub- 
stances. The  effect  of  these  is  chiefly  to  consume 
cyanide,  or  to  consume  the  oxygen  in  solution,  mak- 
ing the  process  expensive  or  difficult.  Organic  mat- 
ter re-precipitates  the  gold  in  the  leaching  vats  and 
probably  absorbs  oxygen.  Copper,  besides  consum- 
ing cyanide,  precipitates  on  the  zinc  (Mac Arthur 
Forrest  process)  more  or  less  retarding  the  precip- 
itation of  the  gold,  especially  with  weak  solutions. 
The  addition  of  more  cyanide  to  the  solution  before 
it  reaches  the  zinc  is  a  proposed  remedy ;  also  a  thin 
coating  of  metallic  lead  produced  by  dipping  the  zinc 
in  a  i-per-cent  or  2-per-cent  solution  of  lead  acetate 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  53 

(sugar  of  lead).  In  this  latter  case  the  gold  is  said 
to  be  precipitated  more  completely.  It  is  proposed 
to  overcome  soluble  sulphur  by  means  of  a  lead 
salt,  or  oxidizers. 

Wood  absorbs  gold,  and  therefore  wood  chips 
should  be  kept  out  of  the  solution  and  wooden  vats 
should  be  painted  with  paraffine,  asphalt,  or  other 
suitable  paint.  P.  &  1>.  Paint,  manufactured  by  the 
Paraffine  Paint  Co.,  is  excellent  and  has  largely  su- 
perseded all  other  paints.  This  absorption  has  been 
shown  to  be  not  very  serious.  Free  acid,  iron  and 
magnesia  salts  are  generally  neutralized  with  an  al- 
kali (quick  lime  or  soda)  ;  or,  if  soluble,  washed  out 
with  water.  Consumption  'of  cyanide  by  zinc  is 
generally  insignificant. 

MECHANICAL  DIFFICULTIES- 

Excessive  fineness,  or  slimy  (talcose,  clayey), 
condition  of  the  material ;  or  heavy  compactness 
(concentrates,  etc.),  retard  or  prohibit  percolation. 
Slimes,  in  wet  crushing,  are  usually  separated  by 
running  the  pulp  through  pointed  V-shaped  boxes, 
or  into  vats,  arranged  so  that  the  slimes  overflow, 
while  the  coarser  sands  settle  to  the  bottom  or  pass 
off  into  another  vat.  Slimes  often  retain  consider- 
able value,  but  are  usually,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
or  expense  of  treatment,  allowed  to  go  to  waste. 
Their  treatment  in  Africa  is  by  means  of  agitation 
in  circular  vats  with  stirrers,  and  settling  and  si- 
phoning or  decanting  of  the  solutions.  Slow  perco- 
lation is  sometimes  to  advantage  hastened  by  means 
of  vacuum  apparatus — usually  a  receiving  barrel 


54  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

with  a  solution  gauge,  and  an  air-pump.  Calcining 
or  roasting  to  drive  off  water  is  sometimes  advan- 
tageous, rendering  the  ore  more  porous  and  leach- 
able. 

PRECIPITATION   OF  GOLD   FROM   CYAN- 
IDE SOLUTIONS— 

The  method  by  means  of  zinc  shavings  is  ex- 
plained under  the  MacArthur-Forrest  process.  Pre- 
cipitation by  means  of  zinc  dust  is  now  in  practical 
operation.  The  Siemens-Halske  method  of  precip- 
itation by  means  of  electrolysis,  using  iron  anodes 
and  lead  cathodes,  upon  the  latter  of  which  the  met- 
als are  precipitated  and  cupelled,  has  been  gener- 
ally abandoned  in  America  in  favor  of  zinc.  The 
use  of  charcoal  has  had  a  limited  employment. 
There  are  also  electrolytic  processes  employing  agi- 
tation in  vats  with  copper  bottoms  covered  with  a 
coating  of  quicksilver.  A  stirrer  is  connected  with 
one  pole  of  an  electric  machine  and  the  bottom  with 
the  other  pole.  While  being  agitated  with  cyanide 
or  other  chemical  solutions,  an  electric  current  is 
passed,  the  metals  being  deposited  on  the  mercury, 
and  finally  cleaned  up  as  amalgam. 

COMPLETE     PRECIPITANTS     OF     GOLD 

FROM  CYANIDE  SOLUTIONS— 
Silver  nitrate;  corrosive  sublimate  (best  hot) 
when  no  excess  of  free  cyanide  salt ;  copper  sulphide 
(freshly  precipitated  best)  in  acidified  solutions;  all 
cuprous  salts ;  cupric  sulphate  mixed  with  sodium 
chloride  and  their  solution  saturated  with  sulphur- 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  55 

ous  oxide.  (Free  hydrocyanic  acid  should  be  re- 
moved by  aeration.  Christy.) 

PARTIAL  PRECIPITANTS— 

Nitrates  of  lead  and  mercury ;  copper  sulphide, 
in  neutral  or  alkaline  solutions ;  acid  salts  in  ores. 

The  usual  Methods  of  Application  of  the 
Process  are: 

1.  Percolation  in  vats  with  filter  bottoms  made 
of  wooden  slats  covered  with  canvass  (usually  No. 
8  ducking)  and  burlap,  cocoa  matting,  etc. ;  or  some- 
times consisting  of  a  filter-bed  of  coarse  gravel,  filled 
in  with  successive  layers  of  finer  gravel  and  finally 
sand  on  top,  without  a  covering  of  cloth. 

2.  Agitation  in  revolving  barrels,  or  vats  having 
mechanical  stirrers,  or  by  means  of  air  under  pres- 
sure in  hermetically  sealed  vats.  * 

THE  MAC  ARTHUR-FORREST  PROCESS 

Is  the  most  commonly  applicable,  and  of  which  there 
are  various  modifications : 

Percolation  is  commonly  employed.  The  pulver- 
ized material  is  charged  into  "leaching"  vats  and 
cyanide  solutions,  followed  by  wash  water,  run  onto 
its  surface  and  soaked  through  until  the  gold,  as 
far  as  practicable,  is  dissolved  and  washed  out.  Time 
required  varies  much — from  two  or  three  days  for 
tailings,  up  to  several  weeks  for  slimy  or  .other  slow- 
percolating  material. 

The  gold  solution  passes  out  through  a  pipe  lead- 
ing from  the  bottom  of  the  vat  into  extractor  or 


56  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

precipitating"  boxes  containing  zinc  shavings,  and 
then  into  sump  tanks  below.  The  gold  is  precipi- 
tated on  the  zinc  as  a  brownish  black  powder  or 
slime,  accumulating  in  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

Old  zinc  may  be  made  more  active  by  dipping  in 
a  weak  sulphuric  acid  solution,  and  the  addition  of 
acid  to  the  head  of  the  precipitation  box  has  been 
recommended. 

The  zinc  is  gradually  consumed,  about  2-10  (two- 
tenths)  to  6-10  (six-tenths)  Ib.  per  ton  of  material, 
and  is  replenished  when  necessary.  It  is  turned  on 
a  lathe  from  round  discs  of  metal,  should  be  very 
thin,  presenting  a  large  surface  to  the  solutions,  and 
not  over  a  few  hours  old. 

A  PERCOLATION  PLANT— 
consists  essentially  of 

i.  Leaching  vats — with  filter  bottoms  and  outlet 
pipes.  Their  number  may  be  a  few  or  many,  de- 
pending, on  the  capacity  of  each.  Usually  as  many 
are  employed  as  days  required  to  fill,  leach  and  dis- 
charge one  vat,  'the  capacity — depth  and  width — 
being  determined  by  the  nature  of  the  material  and 
the  depth  of  percolation.  For  ores  the  depth  is 
usually  3  to  5  feet,  and  for  tailings  as  much  as  14 
feet.  Some  ores  can  be  leached  much  deeper  than 
5  feet.  Pipes,  hose  or  wooden  launders  (troughs) 
are  provided  to  turn  the  solutions  in  any  desired 
direction. 

In  calculating  size  of  vats,  100  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot 
of  pulverized  silicious  ore,  or  tailings,  free  from 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  57 

much  of  heavy  metallic  constituents,  is  considered 
about  an  average  weight.     (See  appendix  II.) 


Reaching  Vats,  showing  Filter  Bottom  Slats. 

2.  Sump  or  solution  vats — one  for  each  separate 
solution  employed.     They  are  usually  made  deeper 
and  narrower,  but  about  the  same  capacity  as  the 
leaching  vats.     Their  size  may  be  proportioned  to 
the  quantity  of  solution  held  by  each,  the  wash  water 
being  the  smallest. 

Vats  are  made  of  either  wood  or  iron,  and  round, 
but  sometimes  rectangular.  The  redwood  tanks 
made  by  the  Pacific  Tank  Co.,  with  groove  in  the 
upper  rim  and  drip-cup  to  keep  constantly  wet,  gives 
good  satisfaction  in  dry  climates. 

3.  Zinc    extractor    boxes — There    are    generally 
two— one    for   each   cyanide     solution    employed — 
strong  and   weak — and   sometimes  more.     Usually 
made  of  wood,  and  varying  in  size  from  12  to  20 
feet  long,  2  to  3  feet  high,  and  i  1-2  to  2  feet  wide, 
more  or  less.     They  are  divided  into  compartments 
bv  means  of  partitions  and  baffle  boards,  which  force 
the  solutions  down  and  up  through  the  zinc.     Wire 


58  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

screens,  suspended  a  few  inches  above  the  bottom, 
support  the  zinc.  Plug  holes  in  the  bottom  or  side, 
or  other  arrangements  are  provided  for  cleaning  out. 

4.  Pumps  and  pipes  or  hose,   with  power   for 
pumping  solutions. 

5.  Furnaces  for  roasting,  drying,  melting,  etc., 
or  small  wooden  vats  for  acid  treatment  of  gold 
slimes. 

6.  A  Urst-class  assay  outfit,  for  testing  solutions 
and  material  for  gold,  silver  and  cyanide ;  and  scales 
for  weighing  out  cyanide,  alkali,  etc.     Assays  of 
head,  taling  and  intermediate  samples  of  the  ma- 
terial and  solutions,  should  be  made  regularly.    The 
tests   for  strength  of  cyanide  is  made  usually  by 
means  of  a  standard  silver  nitrate  solution  some- 
times more  conveniently  by  means  of  starch  and 
iodine,  or  corrosive  sublimate. 

7.  A  competent  cyanider  and  assayer,  best  with 
a  good  knowledge  of  chemistry.     Though  appar- 
ently simple  in  execution,  management  by  an  ex- 
perienced  chemist   is   nearly   always   indispensable 
to  success. 

Two  simple  arrangements  of  a  percolation  plant 
are  shown  on  the  following  page. 

WORKING  SOLUTIONS,  STRENGTH,  ETC.- 

Two,  and  sometimes  more,  cyanide  solutions  are 
employed,  designated  strong  and  weak,  the  weak 
following  the  strong,  and  that  followed  by  weaker 
solution  of  water.  Sometimes  the  weak  precedes 
the  strong  solution.  The  weak  solutions  are  derived 
from  the  consumed  stronger  solution,  which  ranges, 


CYANIDE  PLANTS. 

A    Leaching  Vat  with  Filter  Bottom. 
B    Extractor  Box. 
C    Sump. 
D    Dissolving  Vat. 
Solution  Vat. 


E 


B    May  be  turned  around  and  set  under  A. 


60  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

say  from  two-tenths  (2-10)  to  six-tenths  (6-10) 
per  cent,  cyanide,  or  more ;  and  the  weak,  below 
fifteen-one-hundredths  (15-100)  per  cent.  Even 
weaker  "strong"  solutions  are  used,  but  when  too 
weak,  zinc  fails  to  precipitate  well.  By  means  of 
plenty  of  good  zinc  extremely  weak  cyanide  solu- 
tions may  be  precipitated.  The  first  solution  is 
sometimes  best  introduced  below,  allowed  to  slowly 
percolate  up  to  the  surface,  and  to  stand  some  time 
(especially  with  material  clayey  or  very  fine  or 
lumpy)  in  order  to  prevent  the  formation  of  chan- 
nels, and  saturate  the  mass.  A  very  strong  stock 
solution  is  sometimes  kept  on  hand  from  which  to 
make  up  the  working  solutions,  instead  of  dissolving 
the  salt  directly. 
APPLICATION  OF  ALKALIES- 

Acid  ores  should  be  given  a  preliminary  wash  with 
water  or  alkali  solution,  or  both,  the  latter  following 
the  former.  Sometimes  it  suffices  to  put  the  solid 
alkali  (lime)  into  the  material,  omitting  the  pre- 
liminary wash.  Without  preliminary  washing,  how- 
ever, the  alkali  is  generally  of  little  benefit ;  and, 
with  ores  especially,  wash  water  should  be  first  put 
on  in  order  to  oxidize  and  wash  out  ferrous  salts. 
The  appearance  of  prussian  blue  after  putting  on 
cyanide  indicates  imperfect  washing. 
DISCHARGING- 

The  leached  material  is  usually  discharged  by 
shoveling  over  the  sides  into  cars,  or  sometimes 
through"  bottom  discharge  doors.  Where  water  is 
plentiful,  sluicing  out  is  practiced  to  advantage. 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  61 

THE  CLEANUP— 

This  is  done  once  or  twice  a  month,  or  oftener 
if  necessary  or  desired.  The  zinc  is. washed  free  of 
cyanide,  rubbed  and  washed  on  a  wire  screen  over 
a  tank  of  water,  and  the  residue  of  zinc,  still  re- 
taining considerable  gold,  put  back  into  the  ex- 
tractor boxes.  The  gold  slimes  in  the  boxes  are  then 
cleaned  out,  added  to  those  washed  from  the  zinc,, 
and  the  whole  is  freed  from  excess  of  water  and 
treated  in  one  of  three  ways : 

1.  Dried,  sampled  for  assay,  boxed  and  shipped 
to   a   smelter.      While   drying  and   handling  avoid 
air  currents.     This  is  now  a  common  practice  and 
considered  more  economic. 

2.  Dried,  calcined  and  roasted  with  nitre  to  get 
rid  of  zinc,  etc.,  or  litharge,  borax  and  other  fluxes, 
melted  and  cast  into  a  bar ;  or 

3.  Treated  with  sulphuric,  muriatic  or  nitric  acid 
to  remove  zinc,  washed,  dried,  melted  with  fluxes, 
etc.     Vats  with  filter  bottoms  and  vacuum  arrange- 
ments are  sometimes  used  for  this  operation,  but, 
when  time  is  no  object,  settling  and  decantation,  or 
siphoning  and  draining  in  a  canvas  sack  works  well. 

Breathing  the  fumes  given  off  is  dangerous,  so 
hoods  with  draft  flues  should  be  provided  to  take 
them  away. 

TREATMENT  OF  SLIMES— 

Slimes  from  stamp  milling  and  slimey  ores,  are 
sometimes  treated  by  agitation  in  vats,  the  solution 
and  wash  waters  being  separated,  either  by  settling 
and  decantation  or  by  means  of  filter  presses.  The 


62  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

separation  is  sometimes  found  to  be  more  effective 
if  lime  is  mixed  in  with  the  pulp  to  coagulate.  Agi- 
tation by  means  of  centrifugal  pumps,  adding  lime 
while  in  action  has  also  been  successful. 

DEGREE    OF    PULVERIZING    NECESSARY 
FOR  ECONOMIC  TREATMENT- 

This  varies  greatly,  from  that  of  very  fine  dust 
to  that  of  walnuts.  Usually  No.  30  mesh  gives  good 
results.  The  rule  is,  fine  pulverizing  for  hard,  com- 
pact, and  coarse  crushing  for  soft  or  porous  ores. 
The  "size  of  pulverizing/'  or  the  number  of  screen, 
means  nothing  in  themselves,  unless  other  conditions 
and  the  relative  size  of  the  various  particles  of  the 
material  are  considered. 

Rolls,  or  ball  pulverizers  are  generally  used  for 
the  dry  pulverizing. 

LABORATORY  TESTS- 

For  adaptability  to  treatment.  This  is  no  simple 
assay,  as  many  think,  but  generally  should  consist 
of  the  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  following  tests,  viz.,  for 

1.  Acidity  of  the  material  and  effect  of  alkali  in 
reducing  consumption  of  cyanide. 

2.  Strength  of  cyanide  best  suited,  and  consump- 
tion of  same. 

3.  Time  required. 

4.  Size  of  crushing  suitable. 

5.  Depth  of  percolation  permissible. 

6.  Assays  of  head,  tailing  and  intermediate  sam- 
ples of  pulp  and  solutions,  taken  daily  or  oftener, 


CYANIDE  PROCESS  63 

for  gold,  sometimes  for  silver  also,  and  for  cyanide 
strength. 

7.  A  chemical  analysis,  either  partial  or  complete, 
of  the  ore  or  working  solution,  may  be  necessary 
or  advisable.     Also  of  the  water  used. 

8.  Zinc   or   electric  precipitation    of    the    gold 
might  also  be  necessary  or  advisable,  as  a  confirma- 
tory test. 

Several  days  or  a  week  or  more  may  be  required 
for  a  proper  performance  of  the  tests. 

WATER  REQUIRED— 

For  plain  cyaniding,  the  water  consumed  per  day 
is  about  that  held  in  the  pulp  after  draining,  plus 
evaporation  and  wastage.  The  quantity  of  water 
retained  in  the  pulp  depends  on  the  nature  and  fine- 
ness of  the  material.  Tailings  free  of  slimes  will 
hold  about  12  per  cent,  of  its  weight,  and  very 
clayey  material  up  to  20  or  25  per  cent,  or  more. 
A  2O-ton  plant  for  silicious  ore  holding,  say  15  per 
cent,  moisture,  would  consume  3  tons  of  water  per 
day  (7-100  miners  inches)  besides  wastage  and 
evaporation.  The  quantity  required  for  cyaniding 
is  generally  much  less  than  for  milling. 

CYANIDE  POISONING— REMEDIES  FOR. 

Accidents  are  very  rare,  considering  the  poisonous 
nature  of  cyanide.  Some  persons  are  more  sus- 
ceptible to  its  effects,  especially  externally,  than 
others.  A  coating  of  kerosene  oil  on  the  hands 
(Scheidel,)  or  a  pair  of  rubber  gloves  will  protect 


64  CYANIDE  PROCESS 

the  hands.  There  should  be  good  ventilation  about 
the  mill. 

For  internal  poisoning:  Bathe  the  patient  in  hot 
water  and  apply  cold  water  to  head  and  back.  Ad- 
minister internally  emetics,  and  freshly  precipitated 
carbonate  of  iron  (a  mixture  of  sodium  carbonate 
and  iron  sulphate — green  vitriol  dissolved  in  water.) 
These  two  chemicals  should  be  kept  on  hand. 

For  effects  of  inhaling  hydro-cyanic  acid  gas, 
inhale  ammonia,  chlorine  gas  or  ether,  rubbing  with 
camphor.  Alcohol  is  recommended. 

Nitrate  of  cobalt  is  reported  to  be  a  good  antidote, 
also  injection  of  a  2  per  cent  solution  of  hydrogen 
peroxide  subcutaneously,  with  a  Pravarz  syringe. 
The  liquid  should  be  kept  in  small  glass-stoppered 
bottle,  in  the  dark. 

For  analytical  methods,  see  Appendix  I. 


Lacy  Manufacturing  Go. 


MANUFACTURERS   OF 


Water  Pipe 

WELL     CASING,     CYANIDE     TANKS,     OIL     TANKS 

GENERAL   SHEET    IRON    WORK, 

IRRIGATION  SUPPLIES 


Dealers  In  Oast  Iron  Pipe 


OFFICE:    334  N.  MAIN. 

WORKS  :    COR.  NEW  MAIN  AND  DATE  STS. 

TELEPHONE:    No.  196. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


flcKAIN  BROS. 

807-809  San  Fernando  Street, 

LOS  ANGELES,  CAL. 

MILLWRIGHTS 


and  builders  of  all  kinds  of 


ELEVATING, 
CONVEYING, 
SEPARATING, 
MACHINERY 


POWER 

TRANSMITTING 

MACHINERY 


FITTERS  UP  OF  ALL  KINDS  OF  MINING  MACHINERY 


CHL  OR  IN  A  TION  65 


CHAPTER   VII 

CHLORINATION. 

HYPO  SULPHITE,  AND  RUSSELL,  PROCESSES ROASTING. 

CHLORINATION- 

Is  applied  to  roasted  refractory  ores  and  concen- 
trates chiefly.  In  Cripple  Creek,  on  telluride  ores ; 
in  Northern  California,  on  concentrates ;  and  else- 
where. The  roasted  material  is  charged  with  chlor- 
ine gas,  which  changes  the  gold  into  soluble  chlor- 
ide. This  is  washed  out  with  water  and  the  gold 
precipitated  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas  or  sul- 
phate of  iron  (green  vitriol.) 

Two  methods  of  application  are  in  practical  use, 
viz. : 

i.     MODERN  BARREL  CHLORINATION- 

employing  agitation.  The  roasted  material  is  charged 
into  lead-lined  iron  barrels  containing  perforated 
sheet-lead  and  asbestos  filters,  and  water  sufficient 
to  make  a  liquid  pulp,  a  weighed  quantity  of  chlor- 
ide of  lime  (bleaching  powder,)  and  sulphuric  acid 
are  added.  The  barrel  is  closed  and  revolved. 
The  acid  liberates  chlorine  gas,  which  combines  with 


66  CHL  OR  IN  A  XI ON 

and  forms  the  chloride  of  gold,  and  likewise  of  some 
of  the  base  metals.  After  about  one  to  four  hours 
the  solution  is  filtered  and  washed  out,  with  the  aid 
of  air  or  water  pressure,  into  a  lead-lined  vat,  where 
it  is  precipitated  as  gold  sulphide  by  passing  in  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  gas.  The  gold  sulphide  is  col- 
lected in  a  filter  press,  dried,  roasted,  melted  and  cast 
into  a  bar. 

2.  PLATTNER  PROCESS— 
employing  percolation.  The  material,  roasted  with 
salt,  is  charged  into  a  leaching  vat,  closed  tightly, 
and  chlorine  gas  passed  into  it  through  the  filter 
bottom.  The  gas  is  generated  from  a  mixture  of 
salt,  sulphuric  acid  and  manganese  ore  in  an  outside 
generating  lead  vessel,  connected  by  a  lead  pipe  to 
the  bottom  of  the  filter  vat.  After  some  hours,  the 
chloride  of  gold  is  washed  out  and  the  solution 
treated  with  sulphate  of  iron  solution.  The  metallic 
gold,  with  some  copper,  etc.,  is  collected  and  finally 
cast  into  a  bar.  Copper  is  next  precipitated  by  so- 
dium sulphide  or  scrap  iron. 

Chloride  of  silver  is  then  leached  out  of  the  mate- 
rial with  a  solution  of  hyposulphite  of  soda,  and 
precipitated  by  sodium  sulphide. 

Omitting  the  treatment  with  chlorine  gas,  this 
constitutes  the  essentials  of  the  hyposulphite  pro- 
cess, which  is  applied  chiefly  to  silver  ores ;  and  the 
addition  of  sulphate  of  copper  to  the  "hypo  solu- 
tion/' which  gives  it  a  greater  solvent  power  in  some 
instances,  constitutes  the  Russell  process. 

Processes  substituting  bromine,  a  mixture  of  sul- 


CHL  OR  IN  A  TION  67 

phuric  acid,  salt  and  potassium  permanganate,  et  al., 
have  also  been  introduced — and  there  are  more  to 
hear  from. 

ROASTING— 

is  an  operation  preliminary  to  various  processes,  in 
order  to  get  rid  of  sulphur,  arsenic,  zinc,  or  other 
interfering  elements ;  and  sometimes  to  change  the 
base  metals  and  silver  into  soluble  chlorides  or  sul- 
phates. The  operation  is  performed  usually  in  re- 
volving iron  cylinders,  reverberatory,  or  other  forms 
of  furnaces,  with  heat.  Crude  roasting. is  sometimes 
done  in  heaps  with  wood,  or  the  sulphur  of  pyrites, 
if  in  sufficient  quantity," is  utilized  sometimes  as  a 
fuel.  Sulphurets  by  long  exposure  to  the  weather 
naturally  roast  or  oxidize  slowly. 

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Manufacturers  of  CRUCIBLES, 

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BRICK,  TILE, 

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Bone  Ash,  Borax  Glass  and  Iron  Sulphide 

All  Assay  Supply  Dealers 

Handle  Our  Goods  Denver,  Colorado,  U.  S.  A. 


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TO  Mining  and  Oil  Men : 

R.  W.  Landrum  offers  his  services  as  Min- 
ing and  Consulting  Engineer.  In  addition  to 
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numerous  customers. 

R,  W.  LANDRUn. 


68  SMELTING 


CHAPTER    VIII 

SMELTING. 

Is  the  most  generally  applicable  of  all  processes ;  but 
the  cost  of  treatment  and  transportation  are  so  great 
(smelters  being  usually  located  at  some  central 
point  to  do  custom  work,)  that  only  high-grade 
ores,  especially  those  carrying  silver,  lead  or  copper, 
and  not  amenable  to  economic  treatment  by  any 
other  process,  are  usually  smelted.  It  is  a  melting 
operation  by  fire,  usually  in  water- jacketed  blast 
furnaces,  in  which  the  ores,  mixed  with  fluxes, 
(iron,  manganese,  lime,  etc.,)  are  melted  down  to  a 
fluid  glass  or  slag,  and  the  precious  metals,  alloyed 
with  lead,  copper,  or  a  matte  consisting  of  the  sul- 
phides, arsenides,  etc.,  of  these  and  other  metals, 
settle  down  to  the  bottom  and  finally  obtained  as 
base  bullion.  The  lead,  copper,  etc.,  are  separated 
from  the  precious  metals  by  further  oxidizing  and 
smelting  operations. 

Ores  are  sometimes  self-fluxing;  i.  e.,  contain  the 
elements  of  opposite  chemical  nature  (silica  on  the 
one  hand,  and  the  metallic  oxides  on  the  other — 
acid  and  base,)  in  the  proper  ratio  to  combine  chem- 
ically, with  the  aid  of  heat,  and  form  a  fluid  glass 


SMELTING  69 

or  slag.  At  custom  smelters  the  chemically  opposite 
kinds  of  ores  are  analyzed  and  mixed  with  each 
other  in  the  proper  proportions  for  fluxing. 

When  lead  is  the  collector  of  the  gold  and  silver, 
it  is  called  lead  smelting ;  if  copper,  copper  smelting ; 
if  matte,  matte  smelting. 

Pyritic  smelting  is  a  modified  matte  smelting,  in 
which  sulphur  (pyrites)  is  utilized  partially  as  fuel. 
Coke  is  the  usual  fuel,  alternate  layers  of  it  and  ore 
being  charged  in  proper  ratio,  as  the  melting  pro- 
ceeds in  the  lower  part  of  the  furnace.  Charcoal, 
petroleum  oil,  etc.,  are  also  used  sometimes.  Sili- 
cious,  zinc,  antimony  and  arsenic  ores  are  the  most 
troublesome  or  expensive  to  smelt,  and  when  pres- 
ent above  a  certain  percentage,  an  additional  charge 
is  usually  made  for  smelting. 

Low-grade  ores  are  sometimes  concentrated  be- 
fore smelting. 

CUSTOM  SMELTING- 

Ores  shipped  to  smelters  are  sometimes  sampled, 
assayed  and  paid  for  at  local  sampling  works.  At 
the  smelter  there  is  a  fixed  charge  for  smelting,  ac- 
cording to  the  composition  of  the  ore :  Gold  and 
silver  are  paid  for  by  the  ounce,  and  copper  and 
lead,  by  the  unit,  which  is  I  per  cent,  of  a  ton,  or 
20  pounds.  Silver  is  assayed  by  "scorification" ; 
."•old  and  lead  by  the  "crucible,"  and  copper  by  the 
"wet"  method. 


7o 


A   Modern  Smelter. 


APPENDIX  7i 


APPENDIX    I 


ANALYTICAL    METHODS. 

Tests  for  Alkaline  or  Soluble  Sulphides  in  Cyanide  So- 
lutions.— i.  To  five  or  ten  cc.  solution  add  dilute  cp. 
nitric  acid,  drop  by  drop,  stirring  after  each  drop ;  a 
milky  appearance  indicates  sulphides.  The  alkilinity  of 
solution  must  be  neutralized  to  get  reaction. 

2.  To  solution  add  a  little  ammonia  and  a  small  grain, 
or  a  few  drops  of  the  solution,  of  sodium — or  potassium, 
nitro-prusside  and  stir.  A  purple  or  pink  coloration  of  the 
solution  indicates  sulphides.  To  make  the  nitro-prusside, 
dissolve  pot.  or  sodium  ferrocyanide  in  water,  add  strong 
nitric  acid  in  excess,  and  evaporate  solution  to  dryness  on 
water  bath.  We  have  made  the  salt  by  allowing  to  exap- 
orate  in  hot  sun. 

TESTS  FOR  COPPER  IN  ORES. 

Boil  well  with  strong  nitric  acid,  add  ammonia  in  ex- 
cess and  filter  off  or  settle  precipitate  of  iron  or  other  hy- 
droxids.-  Blue  solution  indicates  copper.  Nickel  gives  a 
similar  color. 


72  APPENDIX 

TESTS    FOR   ANTIMONY. 

1.  To  a  few  grams  ore  add  about  20  cc.  aq.  req.  (i  HN 
03  to  2HC1),  stir  well  for  about  15  minutes  with  glass 
rod,  let  settle,  decant  and  dilute  liquid  gradually.     If  an- 
timony is  present  a  milky  precipitation  is  produced.     Bis- 
muth acts  likewise. 

2.  Wade    &    Wade's    method    for    antimony    sulphides. 
Boil  a  little  of  the  pulverized  mineral  with  strong  caustic 
potash  or  soda  solution.     Let  settle,  decant  and  add  grad- 
ually dilute  sulphuric  or  muriatic  acid  in  slight  excess.     A 
characteristic  orange  precipitate  will  be  produced  if  anti- 
mony sulphide  (stibnite)  is  present. 

TESTS  FOR  ACIDITY  IN  ORES  OR  TAILINGS. 

i.  Shake  up  about  ten  minutes  100  grams  with  TOO  cc. 
standard  caustic  potash,  soda  or  lime,  solution,  in  corked 
flask.  Filter  through  dry  filter  and  titrate  25  cc.  or  other 
aliquot  portion  with  standard  acid  (sulphuric  or  muriatic), 
using  phenolphthalein  as  indicator.  Calculate  in  terms  of 
soda  or  lime,  as  desired.  Loss  in  strength  gives  the  acidity. 
i  cc.  alkaline  solution  equals  one  gram  ore.  Any  moisture 
in  sample  must  be  determined  and  allowed  for  in  separate 
sample. 

To  make  standard  alkali,  dissolve  10  grains  caustic  soda 
or  potash  in  i  L.  water  and  standardize  against  standard 
acid  (2^2  grams  sulphuric  per  L.),  using  phenolphthalein  as 
indicator. 

To  make  standard  lime,  dissolve  by  shaking  well,  5 
grams  burnt  lime  in  i  L.  distilled  water  containing  about 
100  grams  cane  sugar,  and  standardize  as  above.  The 
actual  amount  of  caustic  (Ca.O)  in  lime  may  be  thus  de- 


APPENDIX  73 

termined  by  titrating  against  an  acid   solution   of  known 
strength. 

2.  To  100  grams  ore  or  tailings,  diluted  with  water  to 
make  quite  fluid,  stir  in  solid  pulverized  lime  or  soda,  in 
small  weighed  doses,  testing  occasionally  with  red  litimus 
paper  until  alkaline  reaction  is  produced.  We  find  this 
method  slow  and  tedious,  and  not  giving  the  full  amount 
of  "acidity,"  and  method  (i)  more  satisfactory  for  lime. 

TEST   FOR   FREE  POTASSIUM   CYANIDE  IN   SO- 
LUTION. 

Standard  Silver  Solution.  Dissolve  13.05  grams  pure 
silver  nitrate  crystals  in  I  L.  water,  I  cc.  equals  i-io  per 
cent  K.  Cy,  or  2.0  Ib.  per  ton,  when  10  cc.  of  solution  is 
tested. 

Test :  Titrate  10  cc.  solution,  diluted  to  50  cc.,  in  glass 
beaker,  under  which  a  piece  of  black  glazed  paper  is  placed, 
with  silver  solution,  until  permanent  opalesence  is  pro- 
duced. To  working  solutions  a  small  grain  or  a  few  drops 
of  solution  of  potassium  iodide  should  be  added  before 
titrating. 

Of  very  weak  cyanide  solutions  more  than  10  cc.  should 
be  taken. 

ASSAY  OF  CYANIDE  SOLUTIONS  FOR  GOLD. 

Methods,  by  evaporation  and  fire  assay. 

(a)  Evaporate  one  assay  ton  in  tray  of  sheet  lead  to 
dryness,  fold  into  button  form  and  scorify,  or  melt  down 
in  crucible  with  soda  and  borax,  and  cupel.  The  solution 
may  be  measured  in  cc.'s,  and  when  gold  is  very  small, 
more  may  be  taken. 


74  APPENDIX 

(b)  Cupel  lead  after  evaporation.     This  is  sufficient  to 
determine  relative  value  of  solution,  and  degree  of  extrac- 
tion of  metals  from  solutions.     A  little  silver  may  to  ad- 
vantage be  added  to  the  solutions  if  only  gold  is  desired, 
or  it  is  very  small. 

(c)  Evaporate  solution  in  iron  or  porcelain  dish  with 
litharge,    scrape    out    and    assay. 

PROF.   CHRISTY'S  METHOD  OF  PRECIPITATING 
GOLD. 

From  cyanide  solution.  Make  slightly  acid  with  sul- 
phuric acid,  or  sulphurous  gas,  add  cupric  sulphate  solu- 
tion saturated  with  SO2,  until  excess  of  copper  is  shown 
by  means  of  potassium  ferrocyanide  -solution  by  adding  a 
drop  of  two  to  upper  layer  of  two  thicknesses  of  filter 
paper,  then  applying  ferrocyanide  solution  to  lower  layer 
of  paper. 

Let  stand  12  hours,  filter  and  test  filtrate  with  more  cop- 
per solution  for  further  precipitation,  and  stand  another  12 
hours.  Filter,  wash  and  assay  precipitate. 

TESTS  FOR  TELLURIUM  AND  SULPHUR. 

1.  Kustel's   method:      Place   a    little   of   the   finely-pul- 
verized ore  in  a  porcelain  dish  with  a  little  mercury  and 
water,  and  then  add  a  little  sodium  amalgam.     Tellurium 
will  produce  a  violet  color,  and  sulphur  blacken   a   silver 
coin  dipped  into  the  water.     Iron  sulphide  may  mask  the 
violet  color ;   if  so,  pour  off  the  water,  put  on  more  and 
then  again,  a  little  amalgam. 

2.  Oxidize  a  little  of  the  pulverized  ore  on  a  piece  of 
white  porcelain  with  a  blowpipe;  cool  and  add  a  drop  or 


APPENDIX  75 

two  of  strong  sulphuric  acid.  A  deep  violet  will  be  pro- 
duced by  tellurium. 

Sometimes  I  and  2  fails,  while  it  is  our  experience  the 
following  test  will  show  a  mere  trace : 

3.  Boil  a  little  of  the  powdered  ore  in  a  porcelain  dish 
or  beaker  with  a  little  muriatic  acid  and  a  few  drops  of 
nitric  acid,  until  excess  of  nitric  acid  is  off.  Dilute  with  a 
little  water,  and  filter.  The  solution  will  likely  be  col- 
ored red  or  yellow  with  iron.  Now  add  to  the  filtered 
solution  (filtrate)  in  a  beaker  or  test  tube,  stannous  chlo- 
ride (made  by  dissolving  metallic  tin  in  muriatic  hydro- 
chloric acid),  until  the  iron  color  is  gone,  and  a  little  in 
excess.  A  black  or  dark  brown  precipitate  (cloudiness) 
will  be  produced  by  tellurium.  Mercury  acts  similarly. 


(Reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  the  American  Chemical  So- 
ciety, Vol.  XXII,  No.  9.     September,  1900.) 


WADE  &  WADE'S  QUALITATIVE  TESTS  FOR  BO- 
RACIC ACID. 

It  seems  not  to  have  occurred  to  authorities  on  the  sub- 
ject to  test  the  effect  of  the  alcoholic  vapors  of  boracic 
acid  on  tumeric  paper.  We  find  that  if  the  test  is  applied 
in  the  following  manner  the  presence  of  boracic  acid  in 
minerals  is  rendered  more  certain  and  delicate : 

Use  a  test  tube  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  and  20  cm. 
long.  Put  into  the  tube  about  o.i  gram  of  the  substance, 
0.5  cc.  hydrochloric  acid,  and  10  cc.  wood  alcohol.  Boil 
vigorously  down  to  small  bulk,  agitating  the  lower  end  of 
the  tube  in  flame  of  burner,  and  holding  the  moistened  end 
of  a  piece  of  turmeric  paper  just  outside  the  mouth,  so  as 


7<5  APPENDIX 

to  catch  the  vapors.  Boracic  acid  will  finally  color  the 
turmeric  a  characteristic  red.  Now,  if  the  turmeric  is 
placed  vertically  on  the  side  of  a  beaker  so  as  to  dip  into 
a  little  distilled  water  to  which  a  few  drops  of  ammonia 
have  been  added,  a  pinkish  to  deep  purple  or  blue  will  be 
produced,  in  marked  contrast  to  the  red  produced  by  the 
ammonia  on  the  end  of  the  paper  unaffected  by  the  vapors. 

CHLORINATION   ASSAY   FOR   GOLD. 

Mix  one  pound  of  ore  (pulverized  to  40  mesh)  with  suf- 
ficient warm  water  to  make  fluid,  in  glass  stoppered  bot- 
tle. Then  add  about  10  grains  of  sulphuric  acid  (66  deg. 
B.),  and  in  small  batches  at  a  time  (about  I  gram),  bleach- 
ing powder  (chloride  of  lime),  agitating  for  some  time 
after  each  addition,  until  the  emission  of  chlorine  gas  re- 
mains permanent  after  about  eight  hours.  Filter,  wash  free 
from  chlorine,  and  assay  solution  and  pulp.  Sulphurets 
should  be  roasted,  leaving  not  more  than  3  per  cent,  of 
sulphur.  Ores  require  in  practice  from  10  to  60  pounds  of 
bleaching  powder  and  15  to  70  pounds  of  sulphuric  acid. 


HOW  TO  SOFTEN  COPPER  PLATES. 

Mix  and  moisten  equal  parts  of  copper  sulphate,  quick- 
lime and  salammoniac;  spread  on  plates,  let  stand  30  or 
40  minutes,  rub  down  with  a  cloth  and  dry  the  plates. 
Rub  on  a  strong  solution  of  potassium  cyanide,  and  then 
mercury. 

HOW  TO  AMALGAMATE  RAW  COPPER  PLATES. 

Dissolve  I  oz.  of  mercury  in  4  oz.  strong  nitric  acid  di- 
luted with  a  little  water.  Add  half  pint  more  of  water 


APPENDIX  77 

and  rub  solution  over  the  plates  previously  brightened  by 
rubbing  with  sand  or  tailings,  and  lye  or  potassium  cyan- 
ide and  water.  More  mercury  may  then  be  rubbed  on. 

SODIUM   AMALGAM— 

Jriow  to  make :  Add  about  3  per  cent,  of  dry  chips  of 
metallic  sodium  to  some  mercury  in  an  iron  or  porcelain 
dish,  and  heat  gently,  pushing  down  the  sodium  with  an 
iron  or  glass  rod,  if  necessary.  Cool  the  amalgam,  break 
into  lumps  and  preserve  in  a  well-stoppered  bottle. 

SILVER  AMALGAM- 
HOW  to  make:  Dissolve  pure  silver  in  just  sufficient  dilute 
(i  to  3)  nitric  acid  with  aid  of  heat;  cool,  dissolve  crystals 
of  silver  nitrate  in  water  and  pour  in  sufficient  mercury 
to  reduce  and  amalgamate  the  silver.  Wash  and  strain 
the  amalgam  to  remove  surplus  mercury. 

HOW  TO  PURIFY  MERCURY. 

This  is  best  done  by  retorting,  with  covering  of  lime 
or  charcoal,  and  keeping  distillate  under  dilute  nitric  acid. 
Draw  off  a  portion  when  needed,  and  add  a  small  quantity 
of  sodium  amalgam.  Sufficient  is  added  when  the  mercury 
just  begins  to  amalgamate  the  bright  edge  of  a  nail.  Dis- 
tillation with  a  covering  of  iron  filings  will  separate 
arsenic  or  sulphur.  A  shaking  of  small  quantities  of 
.  mercury  with  crushed  loaf  sugar  and  straining  will  suffice 
sometimes,  especially  for  separating  mechanical  impurities. 
Pure  mercury  rolls  in  round  globules;  if  impure,  it  trails 
7  behind  as  it  rolls  on  a  surface.  (See  Note,  p.  8oO 


78  APPENDIX 

HORNING  AND   PANNING. 

Are  small  concentration  tests  by  hand,  to  detect  or  esti- 
mate free  gold,  sulphurets  (concentrates),  mercury  or 
amalgam  in  an  ore  or  tailings. 

The  hornspoori  is  a  semi-oval  bowl  made  of  horn,  Rus- 
sia iron  or  gutta  percha.     The  gold  pan,  made  of  iron, 


Horn  Spoon. 

is  circular  with  sloping  sides  and  slightly  convex  bottom. 
The  bottom  is  sometimes  of  copper,  which  may  be  amal- 
gamated with  mercury  and  utilized  for  free-gold  tests. 

The  operation  is  performed  by  putting  in  some  of  the 
pulverized   material   and   washing   out   the   lighter   gangue 


Miner's  Gold  Pan. 

matter.  A  dexterous  shaking  of  the  horn  or  pan  in  the 
surface  of  a  vessel  of  water  settles  the  heavy  metallic  par- 
ticles to  the  bottom  so  that  the  lighter  quartz,  silicates,  etc., 
may  be  washed  off  from  the  surface. 

The  batea,  also  used  for  the  same  purposes,  is  a  shal- 
low, cone-shaped  disk  of  wood  or  metal. 


APPENDIX  79 

LABORATORY   "MILL  TESTS/' 

It  is  usually  not  the  case  that  small  laboratory  amalga- 
mation tests  will  agree  with  the  results  of  a  regular  mill 
run;  and  even  this  latter  will  often  vary  according  to  the 
experience  of  the  mill  man,  manner  of  working,  and  other 
conditions.  Valuable  information  may,  however,  be  ob- 
tained by  means  of  carefully  conducted  laboratory  tests. 
Three  methods  follow : 

1.  Grind  up,  in  a  wedgewood  mortar,  a  few  ounces  of 
the  pulverized  material    (weighed  out),  with  the  addition 
of  sufficient  water  to  make  a  stiff  paste,  about  1-3  oz.  of 
mercury  and  a  little  sodium  amalgam  or  solid  potassium 
cyanide.     Thoroughly  incorporate  the  mercury  throughout 
the  pulp,  and  horn  or  pan  out  carefully,  repeating  once  or 
'twice,  to  obtain  all  the  amalgam.     Retort  and  weigh  the 
gold.     (See  note,  p.  80) 

To  obtain  fine  gold,  the  bullion  should  be  alloyed  with 
pure  silver  (about  21-2  parts),  and  parted  with  nitric 
acid.  The  mercury  used  in  making  mill  test  may  be  first 
weighed,  and  any  loss  determined  by  weighing  again  after- 
ward, considering  the  last  mercury  to  contain  the  same 
ratio  of  gold  as  that  of  the  amalgam  recovered.  Hot  water 
assists  sometimes.  This  method  usually  extracts  more  gold 
than  would  be  obtained  in  a  mill — all  that  is  capable  of 
amalgamation  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances. 

2.  Shake  the  pulverized  ore,  etc.,  in  a  bottle  instead  of 
grinding;  wash  down  and  retort  as  before.     This  ought  to 
give  nearer  to  the  actual  results  of  a  mill  run. 

3.  Pan  down  carefully,  and  repeatedly,  if  necessary,  with 
mercury,  or  in  a  pan  with  amalgamated  bottom.     The  re- 


So  APPENDIX 

suits  are  usually  low,  on  account  of  some  of  the  gold  float- 
ing off. 

Sulphurets  may  be  tested  after  roasting. 

N.  B. — The  mercury  should  be  free  of  gold.  Commer- 
cial mercury  usually  contains  a  little  gold,  and  at  mills 
sometimes  considerable  amalgam  is  left  in  it,  to  the  benefit 
of  someone  else.  The  neglect  of  this  has  been  the  cause 
of  serious  mistakes,  for  which  the  assayer  is  often  blamed 
when  his  assays  do  not  agree  with  the  tests. 

The  presence  of  gold  may  be  easily  detected,  estimated 
and  allowed  for  by  dissolving  a  weighed  quantity  of  the 
mercury  in  nitric  acid.  This  method  may  also  be  used  on 
small  quantities  of  amalgam  instead  of  retorting. 


R.  fl.  HERRON  GO, 

oil  well  supplies 

EXCLUSIVELY 


Los  Angeles,   San  Francisco,  Bakersfield 
and  Coalinga. 


Guanitie  Plants 

Made  of  steel  or  galvanized  iron.  Low 
price  plants  a  specialty.  Fifteen  of  our 
plants  in  operation  in  California,  Arizona, 
Nevada  and  Mexico. 


Water  Pipe,  Tanks,  Ore  Gars,  Ore 
Buckets,  Etc. 


Send  for  Catalogue 


Thomson  &  Boyfe  Co. 

HOI  to  III!  N,  Main  St. 
Tel.  Main  1ST  LOS   ANGELES.   GflL 


NORTHERN  CONSOLIDATED 
OIL  AND  MINING  CO.  NO.  2. 


General  Offices,  246,  248  Wilcox  Bldg.  L,os  Angeles,  Cal. 

Par  Value  of  Stock  $1.00  per  Share, 
Present  selling  Price  ice.          CHAS.  V.  HAU,,  President. 


This  oil  company  is  now  producing  oil  from  its 
own  wells  in  the  Ix>s  Angeles  field  sufficient  to  pay  a  large 
rate  of  dividend  upon  its  outstanding  stock,  which  has  thus 
far  been  at  the  rate  of  five  per  cent  per  month  upon  the 
price  for  which  the. shares  are  selling,  and  which,  it  is  ex- 
pected will  continue  to  pay  dividends  at  from  three  to  five 
per  cent,  per  month  upon  the  money  invested  in  its  stocks. 
In  addition  to  the  productive  wells  owned  by  the  company, 
it  also  has  several  thousands  acres  of  oil  land  in  various 
portions  of  California  that  it  holds  under  favorable  leases  or 
fee,  upon  which  development  work  will  be  prosecuted  with 
the  funds  realized  from  the  sale  of  stock,  thus  making  pro- 
visions for  a  large  increase  in  the  amount  of  oil  produced. 

The  conservative  policy  thus  far  pursued  by  this  company 
and  the  fact  of.the  judicious  [investment  of  the  funds 
thus  far  realized  from  the  sale  of  stock,  give  promise  that  in 
the  future,  as  its  revenues  increase,  it  will  be  able  to  main- 
tain a  ver\  high  dividend  upon  its  shares. 

It  offers  one  of  the  safest  and  most  promising  opportuni- 
ties for  the  investment  of  capital  to  be  found  anywhere. , 

For  further  particulars  write  for  the  company's  illustrated 
booklet,  which  will  be  mailed  to  any  address  on  application 
to  the  president,  at  248  Wilcox  Block,  L,os  Angeles,  Cal. 


APPENDIX  81 


APPENDIX  II 


WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


I. 
METRIC  SYSTEM  AND  EQUIVALENTS. 

The  Metric  is  the  only  rational  and  scientific  system  of 
weights  and  measures  ever  devised  by  man.  It  is  based 
on  decimals,  and  one  denomination  is  readily  convertible 
into  another.  The  unit  of  weight  is  the  gram.  The  A. 
T.»  is  the  unit  of  assay  weights  used  for  weighing  out  ore 
pulp. 

LENGTH— 

The  unit  of  length  is  the  meter,  equals  39.37  inches,  equals 
1.09361  yards,  equals  100  centimetres. 

SQUARE— 

The  unit  of  land  measure  is  the  hectare,  equals  2.471  A. 
i  acre  equals  .4047  hectares.  Smaller  measurements  are 
stated  commonly  as  square  meters,  square  centimeters,  etc. 

The  higher  denominations  of  weights,  measures,  etc., 
are  designated  by  the  Greek  numeral  prefixes,  deka  (10)  ; 
hekta  (1000),  etc.,  and  the  lower  ones  by  the  Latin  pre- 


82  APPENDIX 

fixes,  milli  (looodth),  centi,  (loodth),  and  so  on:  thus,  e. 
g.,  the  k.iogram,  equals  1000  grams ;  the  milligram, 
i-iooodth  of  a  gram;  the  deciliter,  i-io  of  a  liter;  the  cen- 
tiliter equals  i-ioodth  of  a  liter. 


TABLES. 


WEIGHTS 


One 

Grains 

Grams 

AssayT'n 

Oz.  Av. 

Oz.  Troy 

Gram 

15  43236 

0  03527 

0  03215 

Kilogram  

1000.000 

34.287 

Assay  Ton 

450  100 

29  166 

1  0290 

0  9377 

Pound,  Av     

7000.000 

453.600 

15  560 

16.0000 

14  582 

Pound,  Troy  

5760.000 

373.245 

12.797 

13.1657 

12.000 

Ounce,  Av 

437.500 

28.350 

0.972 

0  91146 

Ounce  Troy  

480.00 

31.104 

1.0664 

1.0970 

Milligram  

0.0010 

1  grain=64.87  milligram*. 

1  kilogram=1000  grams=2.205  pounds  Av. 

1  pound  Av  =0.82286  pound  Troy. 

1  short  ton=2000  Ib.  Av.=32.08  cubic  feet  water=240.1  U.  S.  gallons. 

VOLU  M  EIS 

One  cubic  centimetre=15. 43236  grains  water  at  4  deg.  Centigrades=  1 

gram. 

"     cubic  centimetre  (technical)=l  gram  water  at  60  deg.  Farenheit. 
"     litre=1000.  00  C.  C.=  . 26418  U.  S  gallons=61.0237  cubic  inches. 
"     cubic  inch=16.386  C.  C. 
"     U.     S.     gallon=.8331      Imperial      gallon  =3.7852      litres=8.33 

pounds  Av.  water=58.318  grains=231.000  cubic  inches. 
"    Imperial  gallon=70.000  grains=1.2003  U.  S  gallons. 
"    cubic  foot=7.48  U.  S  gall  on=28. 315  lttres=62.34  pounds  A v. water 
"    Ca.ifornia  Miner's  inch=  about  9  U   S.  ga^ous 
41     fluid  ounce=29.57  C.  C. 
"     Quart=946  360  C.  C. 


LENGTH 


One  yard=.  914402  metre. 

One  toOt=fl0.480  centimetres. 

One  inch=2. 54010  centimetres. 

One  mile=1760  yards=l. 60935  kilometres. 


APPENDIX 

SQUARE:   SURFAOE: 


One  square  inch— 6.452  square  centimeters. 
One  square  foot=9.290  square  decimeters. 
One  square  yard=.836  square  metre. 


CIRCULAR  VOLUMES  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  WATER 


DIAMETER 

DEPTH  1  FOOT 

DEPTH  1  INCH 

Feet 

U.  S.  Gal. 

Cu.   Ft. 

Tons 
Water 

U.S.  Gal. 

Cu.   Ft. 

Tons 
Water 

5 

146.83 
587.49 
845.91 
1151.40 
Ii21.79 
2349.84 
5287.24 

19.63 
78.54 
113.09 
153.93 
176.  7! 
314.15 
706.85 

.612 
2.450 
3.527 
4.800 
5.509 
9.793 
22.034 

12.48 
48.96 
70.49 
95.96 
110.14 
195.82 
440.57 

1.640 
6.545 
9.424 
12.827 
14.725 
26.179 
58.900 

.051 
.204 
.279 
.400 
.459 
.816 
1.837 

10  

12 

14  

15  

20 

30  

divided  by  9  equals  temperature  Celcius 


II. 

WEIGHTS  OF  QUARTZ. 

Ores  and  rocks  vary  in  their  specific  weights  according 
to  their  quality,  or  the  quantity  of  metallic  sulphides,  ox- 
ides, etc.,  they  contain.  The  more  there  is  of  these 
present  the  heavier  is  the  rock. 

i  ton  of  quartz  in  place  equals  12  to  13  cu.  ft. 

I  cu.  ft.  quartz  in  place  equals  154  to  167  Ibs. 

The  following  are  actual  determinations : 

i  cu.  ft.  of  quartz  passed  through  a  No.  30  screen, 
weighed  99  pounds. 

i  cu.  ft.  of  quartz  passed  through  a  No.  60  screen, 
weighed  98  pounds. 


84  APPENDIX 

i  cu.  ft.  of  quartz  passed  through  a  No.  100  screen, 
weighed  94  pounds. 

I  ton  of  quartz,  No.  30  mesh,  equals  20.2  cu.  ft. 

I  ton  of  quartz,  No.  60  mesh,  equals  20.4  cu.  ft. 

i  ton  of  quartz,  No.  100  mesh,  equals  21.2  cu.  ft. 

The  specific  weights  depend  also  on  the  amount  of 
shaking  and  packing.  Our  experience  with  a  very  clayey 
ore,  pulverized  to  a  No.  30  mesh,  has  been  that  it  con- 
tinued to  pack,  as  a  result  of  the  jarring  of  the  crushing 
machinery,  for  about  ten  days,  its  leaching  (cyanide  solu- 
tion) getting  slower  and  slower  every  day.  The  material 
varied,  when  measured  at  different  times,  from  87  to  103 
pounds  per  cubic  foot. 


III. 
WATER  MEASUREMENT— THE  MINER'S  INCH. 

In  California  the  miner's  inch  is  the  flow  of  about  8.796 
gallons  of  water  per  minute.  Fifty  miner's  inches  are 
eqivalent  to  one  cubic  foot  per  second.  The  most  com- 
mon measurement  is  under  a  mean  pressure  of  four  inches, 
through  an  aperture  2  inches  high  and  2  inches  above  the 
bottom  of  box,  the  plank  being  i^  inches  thick,  and  the 
height  of  water  above  the  aperture  3  inches,  giving  a  mean 
pressure  of  4  inches.  Each  square  inch  of  the  aperture 
represents  one  miner's  inch,  or  about  1.2  cubic  feet  flow 
per  minute.  The  method  is  illustrated  in  accompanying 
figure. 

"Where  water-power  is  to  be  used,  the  first  and  most  im- 
portant step  is  to  determine  the  flow,  as  well  as  the  head 
and  fall  which  can  be  secured.  Upon  these  depend  the 


APPENDIX  85 

power  that  can  be  expected;  and  the  neglect  of  proper 
measurements  causes  much  disappointment  and  trouble.  It 
is  not  uncommon  to  find  plants  erected  which  the  water 
power  proved  in  the  long  way  inadequate  to  drive. 

Where  it  is  desired  to  measure  the  flow  of  a  small 
stream  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy,  a  good  plan  is  to 
make  a  weir  across  it  with  an  opening  or  notch  for  the 
water  to  pass.  The  weir  can  be  made  of  planks.  When 
it  is  convenient  to  use  a  single  board,  select  one  that  is 
long  enough  to  reach  across  the  stream,  resting  in  the 
bank  at  each  end.  Cut  a  notch  in  the  board  sufficient  in 
depth  to  pass  all  the  water  to  be  measured,  and  not  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  width  of  the  stream  in  length.  The 
bottom  of  the  notch  in  the  board  should  be  beveled  on  the 
down-stream  side;  the  ends  of  the  notch  should  also  be 
beveled  on  the  same  side,  and  within  1-8  in.  of  the  upper 
side  of  the  board,  leaving  the  edge  almost  sharp.  A 
stake  in  the  bottom  of  the  stream  several  feet  above  the 
board  or  dam  should  be  driven  down  to  the  level  of  the 
notch  in  the  board,  this  level  being  easily  found  as  the 
water  is  beginning  to  spill  over  the  board.  After  the  wa- 
ter has  come  to  a  stand,  and  reached  its  greatest  depth, 
a  careful  measurement  can  be  made  of  the  depth  of  water 
over  the  top  of  the  stake.  Such  measurement  gives  the 
true  depth  of  the  water  passing  over  the  notch,  since,  if 
measured  directly  on  the  notch  or  the  board,  the  curva- 
ture of  the  water  in  passing  would  reduce  the  depth,  giv- 
ing the  improper  measure.  Although,  where*  accuracy  is 
not  required,  such  a  method  will  give  a  fair  estimate  of 
the  quantity  of  water;  in  all  cases  it  is  best  to  make  the 
measurement  over  the  stake.  The  surface  of  the  water 


86 


APPENDIX 


below  the  board  should  not  be  nearer  the  notch  than  10 
in.,  that  the  flow  of  water  over  the  notch  may  not  be  im- 
peded. Neither  should  the  nature  of  the  channel  above 
che  board  be  such  as  to  force  or  hurry  the  water  to  the  , 
board,  but  it  should  be  of  ample  width  and  depth  to  allow 
the  water  to  approach  the  notch  and  board  steadily-  and 
quietly.  .  If  the  water  passes  the  channel  rapidly  it  will  be 
forced  over  the  notch,  and  a  larger  quantity  will  pass  than 
if  allowed  to  spill  from  a  large  body  moving  slowly. 

When  the  depth  of  water  over  the  stake x  is  known,  the 
quantity  of  water  passing  can  be  easily  calculated.  If  we 
take  H  as  the  weight  of  tne  water  level  over  the  weir,  or 
stake,  in  inches,  and  Q  as  the  quantity  in  cubic  feet  per 
minute  for  each  inch  length  of  weir,  when  contraction  of 
area  is  reckoned  at  62  per  cent,  of  full  area,  we  have  the 
simple  formula:  y  equals  0.4  multiplied  by  H  square  H. 

In  some  of  the  catalogues  issued  by  Fraser  &  Chalmers — 
in  which  this  simple  plan  of  measuring  water  is  suggested 
— tables  will  be  found,  from  which  the  value  of  Q  can  be 
ascertained  at  once,  without  the  trouble  of  working  it  out 
by  the  formula." — N.  Y.  E.  and  M.  J .,  Nov.  4,  1899. 


i«  M.  and  E.  Go., 


Los  Angeles,  Gal. 

General  Machinery, 

Engineering  Supplies, 
Mining  Machinery  and  Supplies, 
Electrical  Apparatus  and  Supplies, 


I  to 

n  o«*  3 

i'n 

to    -.-     " 

'  £?£ 
^ll 

CO     CO 

3»« 

p  2. 

w5  S* 

C  ^J    -I 

o  &? 

tw* 

«J     W3     » 


M.  and   E.  GASOLINE  and   DISTILLATE  ENGINE 

Write  for  Circulars  and  prices  to 

The  Machinery  and  Electrical  Go. 


351-353  North  Main  St., 


LOS  ANGELES, 


CALIFORNIA 


GEO.   W.   KING.  WILLOUGHBY  COLE 

KINO  and  COLE, 

Attorney  s-at-Law 

FUMING   AND    CORPORATION    LAW 

Office  with  Wade  &  Wade, 

N.  NAIN  ST.,  -  -  L,os  ANGELES,  CAL. 


Practice  in  all  the  Courts,  and  give  Special  Attention  to 
Mining  and  Corporation  Laws. 

Mining  Location  Notices  drawn,  and  advice  how  to  prop- 
erly mark  off  boundaries  of  claim  on  the  ground ;  advice  on 
rights  and  duties  of  mining  partners ;  how  to  appropriate 
water  on  the  Public  Lands,  and  notices  thereof  properly 
drawn ;  mining  contests  in  Land  Offices  properly  conducted, 
and  mining  litigation  in  all  the  courts,  carefully  attended 
to. 

Incorporation  Papers  drawn,  and  advice  how  to  open 
and  keep  the  minutes  of  Directors  and  Stockholders ;  as- 
sistance given  in  opening  and  conducting  corporation  books 
of  account,  and  instructions  how  to  issue  and  transfer 
stock  and  make  out  monthly  and  annual  accounts.  Ex- 
perts in  corporation  book-keeping  provided  on  request ; 
and  general  advice  and  legal  services  on  all  questions  of 
corporation  law. 

Note — George  W.  Knox,  attorney  for  a  number  of  suc- 
cessful Los  Angeles  oil  corporations,  and  editor  of  the 
Digest  of  Mining  Laws  herein,  will  act  as  special  counsel 
in  mining  and  corporation  law,  with  above  attorneys,  and 
will  also  continue  to  edit  answers  to  questions  submitted 
to  this  office. 


APPENDIX  87 


APPENDIX   III 


PROSPECTING. 

"Gold  is  where  you  find  it,"  and  it  is  found  very  widely 
distributed  in  a  great  variety  of  rocks  and  minerals,  al- 
though in  the  early  days  of  mining  it  was  thought  to  exist 
only  in  "quartz,"  excepting  placers.  It  is  found  some- 
times in  the  great  country  formations,  granite,  sandstones, 
volcanic  rocks,  etc.  (though  relatively  only  in  very  small 
quantities  or  traces,  as  a  rule)  ;  in  mineral  veins,  or  de- 
posits; in  limestone,  iron  ore,  clays,  talc,  sulphurets,  tellu- 
rides  and  a  large  number  of  other  minerals. 

Mineralized  veins  and  deposits  are,  however,  its  natural 
habitat,  and  where  it  should  be  generally  searched  for. 
These  lode  formations  are  the  result  of  the  filling  in  with 
minerals  matters  of  gashes,  fissures  and  chambers,  occur- 
ring usually  in  the  geologically  older  country  rock  forma- 
tions, such  as  granite,  slate,  porphyry  and  quartzite. 

In  searching  for  gold,  other  than  placer,  the  more  recent 
formations,  sedimentary  rocks,  and  unaltered  shales,  etc., 
may  be  ignored  as  a  rule. 

Native  gold  is  present  in  ores  either  as  fine  dust  (the 
usual  condition),  generally  invisible  even  through  a  glass, 
coarse  grains,  or  as  nuggets;  and  usually  distributed  very 


88  APPENDIX 

irregularly  throughout  the  vein  or  in  the  ore.     Sometimes 
-it  is  only  in  seams. 

Of  a  piece  of  ore  broken  into  two  parts,  one  part  may 
contain  little  or  no  gold,  while  the  other  is  rich.  This 
accounts  for  an  occasional  discrepancy  in  assays  of  the 
same  rock,  for  which  the  assayer  is  often  to  blame.  Gold- 
bearing  ores  are  usually,  unless  metallic  gold  is  visible 
in  it,  undistinguishable  in  appearance  from  barren  rocks. 
Decomposed  country  or  wall  rock  frequently  looks  similar 
to  auriferous  vein  matter,  and  apparently  is  as  likely  to 
carry  gold.  Long  experience  will,  however,  enable  one  to 
safely  guess  the  presence  of  gold  in  a  particular  specimen 
sometimes,  but  it  is  not  generally  safe  to  pass  an  opinion. 
The  most  successful  prospector  is  one  who  tests  every- 
thing in  sight — such  is  the  proverbial  "greenhorn." 

PROSPECTING  OUTFIT  FOR  GOLD. 

1.  A  miner's  hornspoon,  or  a  gold  pan. 

2.  An  iron  mortar  and  pestle  for  pulverizing  rock.     A 
No.  40  wire  sieve  might  be  useful  also. 

3.  Strong  nitric  acid,  I  or  2  pounds. 

4.  Mercury,   a   few   pounds,   and  a   little   sodium  amal- 
gam  and   potassium   cyanide. 

5.  A  small  dish  or  bucket  of  water  for  horning  or  pan- 
ning in. 

6.  A    small    iron    pan    or    a   piece    of   sheet   metal,    for 
roasting. 

6.  A  small  porcelain  tub,  with  watch  glass  or  other 
suitable  cover,  for  retorting  in.  Miners  sometimes  tie  up 
the  amalgam  in  a  rag  and  roast  in  the  ashes. 

8.     An  alcohol  lamp  and  alcohol  for  heating. 


APPENDIX 


89 


9.  A  blowpipe,  and  sticks  of  willow  charcoal;  a  little 
borax,   soda,   etc. 

10.  A   wedgewood   mortar   and  pestle,   or   a   stoppered 
bottle,  for  mixing  the  ore  and  mercury. 

11.  A  pick  and  hammer;  and,  if  quantitative  results  are 
desired : 

12.  Pulp  and  assay  balances.    Cheap  scales  may  be  used, 
provided  sufficient  pulp  is  treated  to  overcome  the  effect  of 
their  lack  of  delicacy.     Of  low-grade  ores,  it  is  very  nec- 
essary to  treat  considerable  pulp  to  get  a  weighable  quan- 
tity of  the  gold.      (See  appendix  I   for  methods  of  test- 
ing.) 


ALL  KINDS  OF 

MINING  PRINTING 

A  SPECIALTY 


METALLURGY 


IS  JUST  WHAT  THE  NAflE  IflPLIES 


The  following  is  from  the  December,  1900,  issue  of 
Ro well's  American  Newspaper  Directory: 

"  Mining  and  Metallurgy  (formerly  '  The  Mining  and 
Metallurgical  Journal '):  semi-monthly,  36  to  52  pages,  lox 
J3>  W.  J.  Johnston,  editor  and  publisher:  dated  also  at  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.  New  York  office,  95  Liberty  St. 

* 'Circulation:  Actual  average  for  1898,  2519;  for  1899, 
2517;  for  a  year  ending  November  I5th,  1900,  3125." 

Send  for  sample  copy. 

OFFICF*  M20  N.  flain  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
*95  Liberty  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


W.  C.  PATTERSON,          P.  M.  GREEN,         W.  D.  WOOLWINE, 

President  Vice-President  Cashier 


LOJ  Angeles  ffcrtional 


of  Los  Angeles,  California 

Capital    ......     $500,000.00 

Surplus    ......     $100,000.00 


The  only  U.  S.  Depositary  in  Southern 
California 


E.  GERSON, 

1 18  N.  Spring  St.,        tei.  Brown  12        Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

WATCHMAKER  w 
flANUFACTURING 


DEALER  IN 

Diamonds, 
Watches, 
Jewelry, 
Silverware, 
Optical  Goods 


Hanufacturing    of 
all  kinds  of      * 

JEWELRY 

Engraving, 

Enameling, 

Die  and  Seal 

Cutting 


Repairing  and  Adjusting  Fine  Watches 
A  Specialty 


We  have  the  largest  jewelry  factory  in  the  city  All 
orders  promptly  attended  to.  We  pay  the  highest  cash 
price  for  gold  and  silver.  * 

A  cordial  invitation  is  extended  to  the  public. 


go  APPENDIX 


APPENDIX   IV 

ASSAYING  AND  SAMPLING. 

The  term  assaying  was  originally  applied  to  the  art  of 
"testing"  ("docimastic"  treatment,)  and  determining  the 
quantity  of  metals  by  means  of  fire  operations,  in  clay 
crucibles;  but  now  it  is  also  applied  to  the  quantitative 
analysis  of  substances  by  means  of  wet  reagents,  (acids, 
etc.")  There  are,  then,  two  systems  of  assaying,  desig- 
nated respectively  as  the  -fire,  or  dry,  and  the  wet  or  humid, 
method.  The  dry  assay  is  applicable  with  reasonable  com- 
mercial accuracy  only  to  a  few  metals,  viz.,  gold,  silver, 
lead,  tin,  mercury  and  antimony,  which  are  usually  tested 
that  way.  The  wet  assay  is  applicable  to  all  the  metals 
and  metallic  and  non-metallic  compounds. 

DRY  OR  FIRE  ASSAY  FOR  GOLD  AND  SILVER— 

There  are  two  methods  of  fire  assaying,  viz.,  by  crucible 
and  scorification. 

CRUCIBLE  METHOD— 

This  operation  is  one  of  smelting,  and  the  same  principles 
govern  as  are  employed  in  the  smelting  of  ores,  the  chief 
difference  in  fluxing  being  that — as  the  object  in  assaying 
is  not  to  extract  the  value  of  the  ore  for  itself,  per  se — 
more  expensive,  but  more  convenient  fluxes  are  employed, 


APPENDIX  97. 

viz.,  borax  and  silica  or  glass,  (acid  fluxes)  and  soda, 
potash,  litharge,  lime  and  niter  (basic  fluxes.)  The  gen- 
eral rule  of  fluxing  is,  for  an  acid  ore,  (one  in  which  silica 
predominates,)  use  a  basic  flux;  and  for  a  basic  ore  (one 
in  which  iron,  copper  or  other  metallic  compounds  are  in 
excess,)  use  an  acid  flux.  The  relative  proportion  of  each 
constituent  of  the  ore  must  be  taken  into  consideration  in 
mixing  up.  The  basic  fluxes  have  usually  two  functions, 
viz.,  slagging  and  oxidizing  or  desulphurizing.  Litharge 
(yellow  oxide  of  lead)  is  given  usually  another  function, 
viz.,  that  of  furnishing  metallic  lead  to  collect  the  precious 
metals.  This  lead  is  reduced  by  means  of  a  reducing 
agent,  either  charcoal,  flour  or  argol,  (or  sulphur,  if  pres- 
ent in  the  ore,)  which  is  mixed  with  the  finely  pulverized 
ore  and  fluxes ;  and  when  the  mixture,  or  "charge,"  is  in 
a  state  of  liquid  fusion,  fine  globules  float  around  and 
gather  up  the  precious  metals,  finally  settling  down  as  an 
alloy  to  the  bottom  of  the  crucible  (a  clay  pot,)  in  which 
the  melting  is  done.  When  the  fusion  is  completed,  the 
liquid  slag  and  lead  are  poured  into  moulds  and  cooled. 
The  metallic  button  is  then  separated  from  the  hard  slag, 
hammered  and  cleaned,  and  cupelled — an  oxidizing  opera- 
tion in  small  cups  ("cupels")  made  of  ground  bone  ash. 
The  lead  button  is  put  into  a  cupel  previously  heated  up  in 
a  muffle,  melted  and  slowly  oxidized  (burnt,)  part  of  it 
volatilizing  and  the  larger  part  forming  litharge,  which  is 
absorbed  by  the  cupel.  The  gold  and  silver  (which  are 
obtained  together,)  are  left  in  the  cupel,  from  which  they 
are  taken  out,  cleaned,  weighed  and  parted  with  nitric 
acid,  which  dissolves  out  the  silver,  leaving  the  gold.  The 
gold  is  washed,  dried,  etc.,  and  weighed.  This  weight, 
when  taken  from  the  original  weight,  gives  the  amount  of 


92  APPENDIX 

silver  by  difference.     About  2^2  parts  of  silver  to  one  of 
gold  must  be  present   to  make  a  perfect   parting,   so  anj 
'deficiency   is   made   up  by   alloying   the   button   with   more 
silver. 

This  method  is  applied  chiefly  for  assaying  gold.  A 
preliminary  roasting  is  sometimes  necessary.  Silver  is 
usually  assayed  by  scorification,  which  is  oxidizing  in  effect, 
while  the  crucible  method  is  reducing. 

SCORIFICATION    METHOD— 

This  is  performed  by  melting  the  finely-pulverized  ore 
with  granulated  test  lead  and  a  little  borax,  (and  some- 
times other  fluxes)  in  a  small  shallow  clay  dish  or  "scori- 
fier."  The  lead  oxidizes,  forming  litharge,  which  fluxes 
off  the  gangue  matters  of  the  ore.  The  rest  of  the  opera- 
tion is  the  same  as  for  the  crucible  assay.  One  import- 
ant difference  between  the  two  is,  that  usually  only  i-io 
or  2-io  A.  T.  of  the  ore  can  be  tested  by  scorification  (sev- 
eral of  them  having  to  be  carried  on  at  once,)  while  i 
A.  T.  or  more  may  be  tested  in  the  crucible.  The  assay 
ton  weight,  which  is  in  general  use,  for  weighing  pulp, 
is  in  the  same  ratio  to  a  milligram  (metric  weights)  as 
a  ton  of  2000  Ib.  Av.  is  to  an  ounce  Troy,  viz :  In  a  ton 
of  2000  Ibs.  Av.  there  are  29,166  oz.  Troy,  and  in  i  A.  T., 
29,166  milligrams.  Hence,  if  one  assay  ton  of  ore,  29.166 
grams,  yields  one  milligram  of  gold,  the  result  is,  one  oz. 
Troy  of  gold  per  ton.  This  system  of  weights  (A.  T.) 
simplifies  calculation. 

CHECK  ASSAYS— 

A  check,  or  control  assay,  is  one  made  on  a  sample 
of  ore  for  sale,  and  is  usually  a  check  on  another  assayer. 


APPENDIX  pj 

A  number  of  duplicates,  and  sometimes  a  repetition,  are 
necessary.  Great  accuracy  is  required. 

UMPIRE  ASSAYS— 

are  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the  differences  between 
other  assayers ;  and  are  usually  final.  Great  skill  must  be 
exercised,  as  much  depends  on  it,  and  quite  a  number  of 
duplicates  made. 

Silver  is  usually  estimated  by  scorification,  and  gold  by 
the  crucible  method,  though  the  latter  is  applicable  largely 
to  the  assaying  of  silver  when  very  little  or  no  base  metals 
are  present. 

CAUSES  OF  ERROR  IN  ASSAYING— 

1.  Improper   sampling.      (See  appendix   III,  "Prospect- 
ing" in  respect  to  the  distribution  of  gold.) 

2.  The  use  of  old  crucibles  in  which  rich  assays  have 
been  made. 

3.  Insufficient   cleaning   of   bucking   board   or   crushing 
machinery   after    rich    ore    has   been    pulverized,    or    from 
other  outside  sources. 

4.  When    coarse    gold    is    present,    it    is    liable,    if    not 
carefully  examined,  to  be  left  in  the  sieve  used  in  prepar- 
ing sample. 

5.  Improper  fluxing,  personal  equasions  of  the  assayer, 
and  other  causes. 

TELLURIDES— ASSAY  OF— 

Much  fear  has  been  expressed  that  tellurides  cannot  be 
assayed  properly  by  the  fire  methods.  This  is  groundless, 
however,  provided  a  proper  fluxink  and  heat  are  employed. 
Mr.  Van  F.  Furman,  a  most  reputable  metallurgist,  and 
chief  chemist  of  the  Denver  branch  mint,  says  (Mng.  & 


94  APPENDIX 

Sc.  Press),  that  he  ''doubts  if  any  greater  degree  of  ac- 
curacy is  attained  in  the  valuation  of  commercial  products 
than  that  which  is  the  result  of  the  present  Colorado  prac- 
tice for  the  assay  and  valuation  of  ores."  He  gives  a  num- 
ber of  comparison  tests  on  high  grade  tellurides  by  means 
of  scorification  and  crucible  assay,  and  chemical  analysis 
by  an  eminent  eastern  chemist ;  the  results  of  which  our 
own  investigations  also  confirm.  The  general  practice  in 
Colorado  is  to  flux  with  litharge  and  niter  in  crucible, 
scorification  proving  unreliable. 

WET  OR  HUMID  ASSAYING— 

Two   general   methods   are   commonly   employed   in   wet 
assaying,  viz.,  volumetric  and  gravimetric. 

i.     Volumetric — 

This  has  largely  superseded  the  gravimetric  method, 
being  more  convenient  and  rapid.  A  solution  of  a  chem- 
ical standardized  against  a  definite  quantity  of  the  pure 
element  or  substance  sought,  is  run  into  a  definite  change 
in  color,  a  white  or  colored  precipitate,  or  other  recog- 
nizable phenomena,  is  produced  at  the  end  point.  The 
quantity  of  the  standard  solution  required  measures  the 
quantity  of  metal  or  other  substance  sought.  E.  g.,  the 
volumetric  method  for  copper:  The  pulverized  and  weighed 
ore  is  put  into  acid  solution,  ammonia  added  in  excess, 
the  solution  filtered,  if  necessary,  and  the  deep  purple  or 
violate  color  produced  by  the  ammonia  and  copper,  just 
destroyed  by  running  in  a  standard  solution  of  potassium 
cyanide.  A  faint  violet  indicates  the  end.  The  solution 
is  measured  from  a  burette — a  long  glass  tube  graduated 
into  cubic  centimeters. 
2.  Gravimetric — 


APPENDIX  95 

Consists  in  separating  the  metal  or  substance  either  in  the 
metallic  or  elemental  condition;  or  in  combination  with 
other  elements  as  a  definite  chemical  compound,  in  which 
the  ratio  or  percentage  of  the  substance  sought  is  known, 
washing,  drying,  etc.,  and  finally  weighing  the  precipitates. 
E.  g.,  copper  is  sometimes  separated  from  acid  solution 
by  means  of  zinc,  electricity,  or  other  reagent,  and  finally 
weighed  as  metal.  Silver  (or  chlorine)  is  sometimes  pre- 
cipitated as  the  chloride  of  silver  (silver,  7^.27  per  cent.; 
chlorine,  24.73  Per  cent.)  and  the  precipitate  separated  by 
means  of  filteration,  washed,  dried,  ignited,  and  finally 
weighed  in  a  small  crucible.  The  percentage  of  silver  or 
chlorine  is  found  by  means  of  the  above  ratio 

Sometimes  colorimetric  estimation  is  employed,  as  may 
be  done  with  very  weak  copper  solutions,  the  colored  so- 
lution being  compared  with  a  standard  color. 


SAMPLING. 

The  sampling  of  a  mine  or  vein  is  one  of  great  practical 
importance,  and  too  often  done  improperly.  To  be  cor- 
rectly done,  take  large  samples  across  the  face  of  the  vein 
or  lode,  drifts,  etc.,  including  therein  also  the  more  or 
less  worthless  vein  matter  (which  has  to  be  mined  and 
milled  along  with  the  ore,)  at  sufficient  intervals  along  the 
"ledge,"  in  order  to  get  a  fair  average  sample.  The  "wall 
rocks"  should  also  be  sampled  to  see  if  they  contain  any 
values ;  and  separately,  also,  each  different  kind  of  ore  or 
rock,  advisedly,  sampled  and  tested.  These  samples,  which 
should  be  as  large  as  possible,  may  be  shipped  to  a  mill 
or  metallurgical  works  where  they  may  be  each  separately 
properly  sampled  and  assayed  or  given  an  actual  working 


96  APPENDIX 

test ;  or  broken  up,  mixed  and  sampled  by  a  system  of 
"quartering"  repeatedly,  (or  taking  alternate  shovelfuls) 
until  a  convenient  sample,  a  few  pounds  or  more,  repre- 
senting the  whole,  is  obtained.  Don't  grind  the  ore  to 
dust,  or  send  to  the  assayer  too  small  samples.  Finely 
pulverized  ore  is  apt,  if  not  properly  enclosed  in  package, 
to  lose  some  of  the  gold  by  concentration  and  shaking  out 
at  some  corner  or  crack. 


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$1.00   PEIR    BOTTLE: 

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Delivered  anywhere  in  California  or  Arizona 
EXPRESS  PREPAID 


R  J.  WOOLLACOTT, 
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CUE  EN 

MINING 


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ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF 


The  ENGINEERING  AND  MINING  JOURNAL  of  New  York 
says:  [July  28th,  1900.] 

This  very  useful  book  includes  a  digest  of  the  Mexican  mining 
code,  including  all  supplementary  laws  and  decrees.  It  gives  also  the 
laws  relating  to  taxation  and  exportation  of  the  precious  metals.  The 
author  is  a  minii  g  engineer  of  long  experience  in  Mexico,  and  is  thor. 
oughly  acquainted  with  his  subject.  The  book  is  conveniently  ar- 
ranged, each  point  being  treated  separately  and  the  various  subjects 
arranged  alphabetically  so  that  it  is  possible  to  find  the  information 
needed  on  any  special  topic  with  very  little  labor.  A  convenient  addi- 
tion is  a  glossary  of  Mexican  mining  terms,  which  will  be  of  much  as- 
sistance to  the  reader.  The  book  is  a  very  serviceable  and  timely  one. 

Special  chapters  on:  Buying  a  Mexican  Mine.  Cost 
of  a  Mining  Concession.  Obtaining  a  Mining  Concession. 
Water  Rights.  Prospecting  Permits. 

Richard  E.  Chism,  Ph.  D. 

Consulting  and  Reporting  Mining  Engineer. 

[Graduate  of  the  Mexican  School  of  Mines,  etc.] 
Apartade  Postal  2085,  Mexico,  D.  F. 


N 


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For  Sale  at  all  Book  Stores. 
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APPENDIX  97 


APPENDIX  V 

DIGEST    OF     U.    S.    MINING     LAWS  — WATER 
RIGHTS-CALIFORNIA—ARIZONA- 
DESERT  LAND  LAWS. 

i.     FEDERAL  LAWS. 

The  federal  laws  govern,  and  take  precedence  when  in 
conflict  with  state  or  local  laws.  They  provide  (Sec. 
2324  U.  S.  Revd.  Stat.)  that  the  miners  of  each  mining 
district  may  make  regulations  not  in  conflict  with  the 
federal,  state  or  territorial  laws. 

KINDS    OF    LOCATIONS,    AND    WHO    MAY 
LOCATE. 

The  Revised  Statutes  (Sections  2318  to  2352,  inclusive) 
provide  for  three  kinds  of  mining  locations,  1st,  lode  or 
vein ;  2d,  tunnel ;  3d,  placer.  The  mineral  deposits  in  the 
surveyed  and  unsurveyed  lands  of  the  United  States  are 
only  open  to  location  and  purchase  by  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  and  those  who  have  declared  their  inten- 
tions to  become  such.  (Rev.  Stat.  2318.)  This  excludes 
Chinese,  Japanese  and  all  other  foreigners,  until  they 
become  naturalized  (as  provided  above). 


98  APPENDIX 

Mining  locations  may  be  made  either  by  single  indi- 
viduals or  associations  of  such  persons  as  copartnerships, 
or  by  corporations.  (Rev.  Stat.  2321.)  No  location  of  a 
mining  claim  can  be  made  until  the  discovery  of  the  vein 
or  lode  within  the  limits  of  the  claims  located.  (Rev. 
Stat.  2320.) 

MARKING    BOUNDARIES— RECORDING    OF 
NOTICES. 

The  markings  of  boundaries  must  be  such  that  they  may 
be  distinctly  traced.  (Rev.  Stat.  2324),  and  the  description 
of  vein  or  lode  claims,  when  upon  surveyed  lands,  shall  des- 
ignate the  location  of  the  claim  with  reference  to  the  lines 
of  the  public  surveys,  but  need  not  conform  therewith. 
(Rev.  Stat.  2327.) 

All  records  of  claims  located  must  contain  the  names 
of  the  locators,  the  date  of  the  location,  -  and  such  a 
description,  by  reference  to  some  natural  object  or  per- 
manent monument,  as  will  identify  the  claim.  (Rev.  Stat. 
2324.)  The  adjoining  or  the  relative  positions  of  the 
nearest  claims,  if  any,  should  be  stated,  and  a  post  or 
monument  of  stones  erected  at  each  corner  of  the  sur- 
face ground,  and  at  the  point  of  discovery  or  discovery 
shaft,  also  fix  a  post,  stake  or  board,  upon  which  should 
"be  designated  the  name  of  the  lode,  the  name  or  names 
of  the  locators,  the  number  of  feet  claimed,  and  in 
which  direction  from  the  point  of  discovery.  It  is  es- 
sential that  the  location  notice  filed  for  record;  in  addi- 
tion to  the  foregoing  description,  should  state  whether 
the  entire  claim  of  1500  feet  is  taken  on  one  side  of  the 
point  of  discovery,  or  if  partly  upon  one  and  partly  upon 


APPENDIX  99 

the  other  side  thereof,  and  in  the  latter  case,  how  many 
feet  are  claimed  upon  each  side  of  such  discovery  point. 
Prior  to  locating,  unless  the  vein  can  be  traced  on  the 
surface,  the  locator  should  sink  a  discovery  shaft,  or 
run  a  tunnel  or  drift,  to  a  sufficient  depth  therein,  to 
discover  and  develop  a  mineral  bearing  vein,  lode  or 
crevice,  and  should  determine,  if  possible,  the  general 
course  of  such  vein  in  either  direction  from  the  point 
of  discovery,  by  which  direction  he  will  be  governed  in 
marking  the  boundaries  of  the  claim.  The  location  notice 
should  give  the  course  and  distance  as  nearly  as  possible 
from  the  discovery  shaft  on  the  claim  to  some  perma- 
nent, well-known  points  or  objects,  such,  for  instance, 
as  stone  monuments,  blazed  trees,  the  confluence  of 
streams,  points  of  intersection  of  well-known  gulches, 
ravines  or  roads,  prominent  buttes,  hills,  etc.,  which  may 
be  in  the  vicinity,  and  which  shall  serve  to  perpetuate 
and  fix  the  locus  of  the  claim  and  render  it  susceptible 
of  identification  from  the  description  thereof  given  in  the 
record  of  locations  in  the  district,  and  should  be  duly  re- 
corded. Within  a  reasonable  time,  say  twenty  days,  after 
marking  boundaries,  or  after  such  times  as  is  allowed  by  the 
local  laws,  notice  thereof,  or  a  copy  of  the  location  notice 
should  be  filed  for  record  with  the  proper  recorder  of  the 
mining  district,  or  if  there  be  no  such  district,  then  with  the 
county  recorder,  who  will  issue  to  the  locator  the  usual 
certificate  of  location,  and  return  the  original  notice, 
after  making  record  01  same,  with  an  endorsement  thereon 
of  the  date  of  filing  for  record,  and  book  in  which  re- 
corded. But  the  return  of  the  notice  is  apt  to  be  over- 
looked by  the  recorder,  unless  he  is  requested  to  do  so. 


ioo  APPENDIX 

LODE   CLAIMS 

Are  limited  to  1500  feet  along  the  vein  and  300  feet  on 
each  side  of  the  center  thereof.  Not  more  than  300  feet 
may  be  taken  one  one  side  of  the  center  of  the  vein.  The 
end  lines  must  be  parallel  and  should  be  crosswise  of  the 
vein. 

TUNNEL  CLAIMS. 

A  tunnel  location  entitles  the  locator  to  all  veins  pre- 
viously unknown  within  3000  feet  from  the  face  of  the 
tunnel  and  on  the  line  thereof. 

The  statute  does  not  expressly  state  that  the  miner  who 
may  wish  to  run  a  tunnel  to  explore  for  a  vein,  shall 
make  a  location  claim,  as  in  case  of  a  lode  or  vein.  Sec- 
tion 2323  provides  when  a  tunnel  is  run  for  the  devel- 
opment of  a  vein  or  lode,  or  for  the  discovery  of  mines, 
that  the  diggers  of  such  tunnel  shall  have  the  right  of  pos- 
session of  all  veins  or  lodes  within  3000  feet  from  the 
face  of  such  tunnel,  on  the  line  thereof,  not  previously 
known  to  exist,  discovered  in  such  tunnel,  to  the  same 
extent  as  if  discovered  from  the  surface ;  and  locations 
on  the  line  of  such  tunnel  or  veins,  or  lodes  not  appear- 
ing on  the  surface,  made  by  other  parties  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  tunnel  and  while  the  same  is  being 
prosecuted  with  reasonable  diligence,  shall  be  invalid ; 
but  failure  to  prosecute  the  work  on  the  tunnel  for  six 
months  shall  be  considered  as  an  abandonment  of  the 
right  to  all  undiscovered  veins  in  the  line  of  such  tun- 
nel. 

The  Land  Office  at  Washington  has,  however,  consid- 
ered that  in  order  to  avail  oneself  of  this  provision  of 
the  law,  the  owners  of  the  tunnel  will  be  required,  at 


APPENDIX  101 

the  time  they  enter  cover,  to  give  proper  notice  of  their 
tunnel  location  by  erecting  a  substantial  post,  board  or 
monument,  at  the  face  or  point  of  commencement  thereof, 
upon  which  should  be  posted  a  good  and  sufficient  no- 
tice, giving  the  names  of  the  parties  or  company  claim- 
ing the  tunnel  right,  the  actual  or  proposed  course  or 
direction  of  the  tunnel,  the  height  and  width  thereof,  and 
the  course  and  distance  from  such  face  or  point  of  com- 
mencement, to  some  permanent  and  well-known  objects 
in  the  vicinity,  by  which  to  fix  and  determine  the  locus 
in  manner  applicable  to  locations  of  veins  or  lodes,  and 
at  the  time  of  posting  such  notice  they  shall,  in  order 
that  miners  or  prospectors  may  be  enabled  to  determine 
whether  or  not  they  are  within  the  lines  of  the  tunnel, 
establish  the  boundary  lines  thereof,  by  stakes  or  monu- 
ments placed  along  such  lines,  at  proper  intervals,  to 
the  terminus  of  the  3000  feet  from  the  face  or  point  of 
commencement  of  the  tunnel ;  and  the  lines  so  marked, 
will  define  and  govern  as  to  the  specific  boundaries  within 
which  prospecting  for  lodes  no't  previously  known  to 
exist  is  prohibited,  while  work  on  the  tunnel  is  being  pros- 
ecuted with  reasonable  diligence. 

At  the  time  of  posting  notice  and  marking  out  the  lines 
of  the  tunnel  as  aforesaid,  a  full  and  correct  copy  of 
such  notice  of  location,  defining  the  tunnel  claim,  must 
be  filed  for  record  with  the  mining  recorder  of  the  dis- 
trict, or  with  the  county  recorder,  if  there  be  no  such 
mining  district,  to  which  notice  must  be  attached  the 
surveyor's  statement,  or  declaration  of  the  owners,  claim- 
ants, or  projectors  of  such  tunnel,  setting  forth  the  facts 
9  in  the  case ;  stating  the  amount  expended  by  them- 


102  APPENDIX 

selves  and  their  predecessors  in  interest  in  prosecuting 
work  thereon ;  the  extent  of  the  work  performed,  and 
that  it  is  bona  fide  their  intention  to  prosecute  work  on 
the  tunnel  so  located  and  described,  with  reasonable  dili- 
gence, for  the  development  of  a  vein  or  lode,  or  for  the 
discovery  of  mines,  or  both,  as  the  case  may  be.  This 
notice  of  location  must  be  duly  recorded,  and  with  the 
said  sworn  statement  attached,  kept  on  the  recorder's 
files  for  future  reference. 

In  order  to  prevent  parties  from  monopolizing  the  lands 
lying  in  front  of  their  tunnels,  to  the  detriment  of  the 
mining  interests,  and  to  the  exclusion  of  bona  fide  pros- 
pectors, or  miners,  the  government  will  hold  tunnel  claim- 
ants to  a  strict  compliance  with  the  statute,  and  to  a 
reasonable  diligence  on  their  part  in  prosecuting  the  work. 
Negligence  or  want  of  due  diligence  will  be  construed  as 
working  a  forfeiture  of  the  right  to  all  undiscovered 
veins  in  the  line  of  such  tunnel. 

PLACER  CLAIMS. 

Placers  are  limited  to  20  acres ;  but  two  persons  uniting 
in  one  location  may  locate  40  acres,  three  persons  60  acres, 
and  so  on  until  a  claim  of  160  acres  may  be  located  by  not 
fewer  than  eight  persons. 

Claims  usually  called  "placers,"  including  all  forms  of 
deposit,  excepting  veins  of  quartz  or  other  rock  in  place, 
are  subject  to  entry  and  patent,  under  like  circumstances 
and  conditions,  and  upon  similar  proceedings  as  are  pro- 
vided for  vein  or  lode  claims;  but  where  the  lands  have 
been  previously  surveyed  by  the  United  States,  entry 
in  its  exterior  limits  shall  conform  to  the  legal  subdi- 
visions of  the  public  lands.  (Sec.  2329  R.  S.) 


APPENDIX 


103 


Legal  subdivisions  of  forty  acres  may  be  subdivided 
into  ten-acre  tracts,  and  two  or  more  persons,  or  asso- 
ciations of  persons,  having  contiguous  claims  of  any  size, 
although  such  claims  may  be  less  than  ten  acres  each, 
may  make  joint  entry  thereof,  but  no  location  of  a  placer 
claim  *  *  *  shall  exceed  160  acres  for  any  one  person, 
or  association  of  persons,  which  location  shall  conform 
to  the  United  States  surveys;  but  no  such  claim  shall 
defeat  or  impair  any  bona  fide  pre-emption  or  homestead 
claim  upon  agricultural  lands,  or  authorize  the  sale  of 
the  improvements  of  any  bona  fide  settler  to  any  pur- 
chaser. (Sec.  2330,  R.  S.) 

When  a  placer  ciaim  shall  also  include  a  vein  or  lode 
within  its  boundaries,  the"  location  notice  should  state  that 
the  claim  also  includes  such  vein  or  lode  *  *  *  but 
where  the  existence  of  a  vein  or  lode  in  a  placer  claim 
is  not  known,  the  claim  will  cover  all  valuable  mineral 
and  other  deposits  within  the  boundaries  thereof.  (Sec. 
2333  R.  S.) 

Where  placer  claims  are  upon  surveyed  lands,  and  con- 
form to  legal  subdivisions,  no  further  survey  or  plat 
shall  be  required  *  *  and  all  mining  claims  *  * 
shall  conform  as  near  as  practicable  with  the  United 
States  system  of  public  land  surveys,  and  the  rectangular 
subdivisions  of  such  surveys,  and  no  location  shall  in- 
clude more  than  twenty  acres,  for  each  individual  claim- 
ant; but  where  placer  claims  cannot  be  conformed  to 
legal  subdivisions,  survey  and  plat  shall  be  made  as  on 
unsurveyed  lands ;  and  where  by  the  segregation  of  min- 
eral lands  in  any  legal  subdivision,  a  quantity  of  agri- 
cultural land  less  than  forty  acres  remain,  such  frac- 


104  APPENDIX 

tional  portion  of  agricultural  land  may  be  entered  by 
any  party  qualified  by  law  for  homestead  or  pre-emption 
purposes.  (Sec.  2331  R.  S.) 

The  regulations  heretofore  given  as  to  the  marking  of 
locations  on  the  ground,  and  placing  the  same  on  record, 
must  be  observed  in  the  case  of  placer  locations  so  far  as 
the  same  are  applicable,  but  when  these  claims  are  upon 
surveyed  public  lands,  the  locations  must  conform  as 
nearly  as  possible  to  the  legal  subdivisions  of  the  survey:^ 

ANNUAL  WORK. 

By  federal  statute  not  less  than  $100  worth  of  work  shall 
be  performed  or  improvements  made  on  each  claim  an- 
nually. This  applies  to  both  lode  and  placer  claims.  The 
period  within  which  this  work  must  be  done  or  improve- 
ments made  begins  on  January  ist,  succeeding  the  date 
of  location.  If  done  or  made  before  that  period  it  will 
not  apply  as  annual  work.  Annual  assessment  must  be 
done,  not  to  keep  alive  a  title,  but  to  prevent  it  from  laps- 
ing. If  a  claim  is  located  on  the  ist  of  January,  the 
assessment  work  need  not  be  done  for  nearly  two  years. 
If  no  one  else  asserts  a  claim  to  the  property,  a  loca- 
tor need  not  do  any  work  at  all  upon  his  claim.  The 
work  need  not  be  done  on  the  claim  if  done  for  the  benefit 
thereof.  Such  work  may  consist  of  trails,  roads,  draining, 
flumes,  cabins,  watchmen  and  the  like.  In  case  of  a  group 
of  contiguous  claims,  the  work  required  for  all  may  be 
done  on  one,  if  such  work,  so  expended,  tends  to  develop 
the  whole  group.  In  estimating  the  value  of  such  work 
only  the  market  price  of  labor  will  control. 


APPENDIX  105 

PRIORITY— INTERSECTING  VEINS. 
Where  two  or  more  veins  intersect  or  cross  each  other, 
priority  of  title  shall  govern,  and  such  prior  location  shall 
be  entitled  to  all  ore  or  mineral  contained  within  the  space 
of  intersection;  but  the  subsequent  location  shall  have  the 
right  of  way  through  the  space  of  intersection,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  convenient  working  of  the  mine.  And  where 
two  or  more  veins  unite,  the  oldest  or  prior  location,  shall 
take  the  vein  below  the  point  of  union,  including  all  the 
space  of  intersection. 

FIVE  ACRES  FOR  MILL  SITES. 

Where  non-mineral  land,  not  contiguous  to  the  lode,  is 
used  by  the  claimant  for  mining  or  milling  purposes,  such 
surface  ground  may  be  included  in  an  application  for  pat- 
ent for  such  lode,  and  it  may  be  patented  therewith,  subject 
to  the  same  requirements  as  to  survey  and  notice  as  applies 
to  lodes,  but  no  larger  quantity  of  land  shall  be  included 
than  five  acres.  The  owner  of  a  quartz  mill  or  reduction 
works,  not  owning  a  mine  in  connection  therewith,  may 
also  receive  a  patent  for  his  mill  site  under  this  section. 
(See  2337  Rev  St.)  It  is  important  to  note  that  the  mill 
site  must  not  be  located  on  land  of  a  mineral  character. 

THE  APEX  RULE. 

The  locator,  so  long  as  he  complies  with  the  laws  and 
local  regulations,  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  of  posses- 
sion of  all  the  surface  included  within  the  lines  of  the 
location,  and  of  all  veins,  lodes  and  ledges  throughout 
their  entire  depth,  the  top  or  apex  of  which  lies  inside 
of  such  surface  lines  extended  downward  vertically,  al- 
though such  vein,  lodes  or  ledges  may  so  far  depart  from 


106  APPENDIX 

a  perpendicular  in  their  course  downward,  as  to  extend  out- 
side the  vertical  side  lines  of  such  surface  locations.  But 
their  right  of  possession  to  such  outside  parts  of  such  veins 
or  ledges,  shall  be  confined  to  such  portions  thereof,-. as  lie 
between  vertical  planes  drawn  downward  through  thfe  end 
lines  of  their  locations,  so  continued  in  their  own  direction 
that  such  planes  will  intersect  such  exterior  parts  of  such 
veins  or  ledges;  but  the  locator  is  prohibited  from  enter- 
ing upon  the  surface  of  such  adjoining  claims  when  owned 
by  another.  (Sec.  2322  Rev.  St.) 

LIABILITY  OF  CO-OWNER  TO  CONTRIBUTE. 

Upon  failure  of  any  one  of  several  co-owners  to  contrib- 
ute his  proportion  of  the  expense  in  locating  the  claim, 
and  in  doing  the  annual  labor  required,  the  co-owners  who 
have  performed  the  labor  or  made  the  improvements,  may 
at  the  expiration  of  the  year,  give  such  delinquent  a  written 
notice,  or  notice  by  publication  in  the  newspaper  published 
nearest  the  claim,  for  at  least  once  a  week  for  ninety  days, 
and  if  at  expiration  of  such  time,  such  delinquent  should 
fail  to  pay  his  proportion  of  such  expenses,  his  interest  in 
the  claim  shall  then  become  the  property  of  the  co-owners 
who  have  made  the  required  expenditures.  (Sec.  2324  Rev. 
St.) 

THE  U.   S.   PATENT. 

As  the  application  for  a  patent  will  require  an  appear- 
ance in  the  Land  Office,  and  as  the  details  of  the  work  re- 
quired will  necessitate  the  employment  of  an  attorney  for 
that  purpose,  it  is  not  deemed  of  importance  to  here  in- 
sert the  requirements  of  the  law  on  this  point.  It  is  also 
often  the  case  that  contests  arise  in  the  Land  Office  upon 


APPENDIX  107 

such  applications ;  such  contests  also  will  require  an  at- 
torney. The  mining  locator  will  in  both  such  events,  re- 
quire more  detailed  instruction  than  he  will  find  in  the 
statute.  For  these  reasons  Sections  2325,  and  2326  and  2333 
of  the  Revised  Statutes  are  passed  without  further  notice. 

Five  hundred  dollars'  worth  of  labor  must  be  expended 
or  improvements  made  upon  each  claim  to  be  patented. 
Lode  claims  must  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of  five  dollars 
per  acre. 

Placer  claims  at  the  rate  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents 
per  acre. 

The  expenses  of  survey,  publication  and  land  office  fees 
must  be  paid  by  the  applicant. 

Claims  are  not  often  patented,  continuous  possession 
and  development  being  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  title. 

COST   OF  RECORDING. 

The  usual  charges  by  County  Recorders  are:  (i)  for  sin- 
gle lode  on  placer  claim,  90  cents.  (2)  for  placer  claims, 
eight  names,  $1.40. 

District  Recorders  charge  arbitrarily  from  $1.00  up  to 
$5.00  for  recording  single  claim. 

SURVEYS. 

When  a  survey  is  necessary,  the  costs  of  same  must  be 
paid  by  the  claimant.  Full  information  on  this  subject, 
together  with  names  of  competent  surveyors,  will  be  given 
by  the  Land  Office  of  the  district.  (Sec.  2334  Rev.  St.) 

ACQUIRING  WATER  RIGHTS  ON  U.  S.  LANDS. 
Whereever  by  priority  of  possession,  rights  to  the  use  of 
water  for  mining  or  other  useful  purposes  have  vested  and 


io8  APPENDIX 

accrued,  and  the  same  are  recognized  by  local  customs  or 
laws,  the  owners  thereof  shall  be  protected  in  the  same, 
and  the  right  of  way  for  ditches  and  canals  for  such  pur- 
poses is  hereby  granted  over  the  lands  of  the  public  do- 
main, but  for  all  injuries  caused  by  the  construction  of 
such  water  conduits  to  any  settler  on  the  public  domain, 
the  party  so  committing  such  injury  or  damage,  shall  be  lia- 
ble to  the  party  so  injured.  (R.  S.,  sec.  2339.) 

The  state  law  of  California  provides  for  and  prescribes 
a  method  of  appropriating  water  for  mining  and  other  use- 
ful purposes  upon  the  public  domain.  (Sec.  1410-1422  Civil 
Code.)  And  prescribes  the  method  therefor  as  follows: 
Water  when  flowing  in  a  stream,or  down  a  canon  or  ravine, 
may  be  appropriated  for  a  useful  or  beneficial  purpose,  and 
when  the  appropriator  ceases  to  use  it  for  such  purpose  the 
right  is  lost.  The  appropriator  must  post  a  written  notice 
in  a  conspicuous  place  at  the  point  of  proposed  diversion 
from  the  stream,  stating  therein  that  he  claims  the  water 
so  flowing,  to  the  extent  of  the  number  of  inches  specified, 
under  a  four-inch  pressure,  the  purposes  for  which  he 
claims  it,  and  the  place  of  its  intended  use,  and  the  means 
by  which  he  intends  to  divert  it,  and  the  size  of  the  flume, 
ditch,  or  pipe  in  which  he  intends  to  divert  it. 

A  copy  of  this  notice  must  be  recorded  in  the  county 
recorder's  office  of  the  county  within  ten  days  after  it  is 
posted. 

Within  sixty  days  after  posting  the  notice,  the  appro- 
priator must  commence  the  excavation  or  construction  of 
the  works  in  which  he  intends  to  divert  the  water,  and 
must  prosecute  the  work  diligently  and  uninterruptedly 
to  completion,  unless  temporarily  interrupted  by  snows  or 


APPENDIX  109 

rain.  If,  however,  the  California  Debris  Commission  shall 
recommend  the  erection  of  a  dam  at  or  near  the  pro- 
posed point  of  diversion,  then  the  claimant  shall  have 
sixty  days  after  the  dam  is  finished,  in  which  to  begin  the 
excavation  or  construction  of  the  works  in  which  he  in- 
tends to  divert  the  water. 

By  compliance  with  these  rules,  the  claimant's  rights  to 
the  use  of  the  water  relates  back  to  the  time  the  notice 
was  posted. 

The  claimant  may  change  the  place  of,  or  point  of  di- 
version on  the  stream,  if  others  are  not  injured  thereby, 
and  he  may  extend  his  ditch,  flume  or  pipe  for  making 
the  diversion,  to  places  beyond  that  where  the  first  use 
was  made.  Water  already  appropriated  by  another,  and 
being  used  by  him,  cannot  be  taken  away,  nor  can  the 
quantity  he  has  been  using  be  diminished.  But  when  the 
appropriator  ceases  to  use  it,  he  loses  the  right  to  it. 

In  all  cases  the  first  appropriator  has  the  prior  right  to 
the  water  of  the  stream,  but  only  such  quantity  of  water 
as  he  has  actually  appropriated,  and  by  his  flume,  ditch  or 
pipe  has  conducted  to  the  place  of  use  by  him. 


IT.   ,  ; 
THE  CALIFORNIA  MINING  LAWS. 

The  act  of  1897  prescribing  the  manner  of  locating  min- 
ing claims  upon  the  public  domain  of  the  United  States, 
and  requiring  location  notices  to  be  filed  with  the  county 
recorders,  and  requiring  the  performance  of  fifty  dollars 
worth  of  work  in  developing  the  claim  within  sixty  days 
from  the  date  of  discovery,  was  duly  repealed  by  act 


no  APPENDIX 

passed  at  the  special  session  of  1900,  and  is  therefore  no 
longer  law.  It  is  error,  however,  to  claim  that  there  is 
no  other  state  law  to  be  observed.  The  iaw  of  1891  has 
not  been  repealed.  That  iaw  provides  for  filing  in  the 
county  recorder's  office  by  the  mining  locator,  within  thirty 
days  after  the  time  allowed  by  law  in  which  to  do  the 
annual  work  upon  the  mining  claim  shall  have  expired, 
an  affidavit,  particularly  describing  the  labor  performed  and 
improvements  made,  and  the  value  thereof,  which  affidavit 
shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  of  the  facts  therein  stated; 
and  in  case  of  failure  so  to  do,  the  claim  or  mine  shall 
be  open  to  relocation  in  the  same  manner  as  if  no  location 
of  the  same  had  ever  been  made. 

This  applies  to  the  work  required  under  the  United 
States  laws,  and  is  a  rule  of  evidence  to  show  and  pre- 
serve the  proof  of  the  performance  of  the  whole  work 
required  to  be  done,  as  well  as  to  give  notice  of  what 
claims  are  not  open  to  relocation.  The  act  of  1897  is 
commonly  supposed  to  have  repealed  this  law  of  1891,  but 
such  act  does  not  repeal  the  law  of  1891,  either  by  express 
reference  or  by  implication,  for  the  two  acts  were  in  no 
wise  conflicting;  nor  did  they  legislate  upon  the  same  sub- 
ject. 

The  law  of  1891  further  provides  that  if  prior  to  a  re- 
location by  a  stranger,  work  shall  have  been  resumed  and 
continued  with  reasonable  diligence  until  the  required 
amount  of  labor  has  been  performed,  and  the  required 
statement  of  accounts  and  affidavit  has  been  filed  with  the 
county  recorder,  then  the  claim  or  mine  shall  not  be  open 
to  relocation.  Provision  is  also  made  that  if  one  co- 
owner  fails  to  contribute  his  proportion  of  the  expense 


APPENDIX  in 

required  by  the  act,  the  other  co-owners  may  give  notice 
to  said  co-owner  personally,  or  by  publication,  to  make 
payment  of  the  amount  due  from  him,  and  on  failure  so 
to  repay  said  expenditure,  his  interest  in  the  claim  shall 
become  the  property  of  those  who  made  such  expenditure. 

Said  act  further  provides  for  the  benefit  of  tunnel  run- 
ners, where  the  tunnel  is  run  for  purpose  of  developing  a 
lode  or  vein,  that  the  money  expended  in  running  such 
tunnels  shall  be  taken  as  expended  on  said  claims,  pro- 
vided such  surface  claim  shall  be  distinctly  marked  on  the 
ground  as  provided  by  law. 

Said  act  further  makes  all  mining  claims  subject  to  a 
reservation  of  a  right  of  way  over  or  through  the  claim 
and  over  or  through  all  ditches,  roads,  canals,  cuts,  tunnels 
and  other  easements,  for  public  use  for  the  purpose  of 
working  other  mines,  provided  that  any  damage  thereby 
occasioned  shall  be  duly  assessed  and  paid  for  as  in  case 
of  land  taken  for  public  use  under  the  right  of  eminent 
domain. 

SALE   OF   SCHOOL  LANDS. 

The  act  of  the  legislature  of  March  28,  1874,  amended 
April  6,  1880,  regulating  the  purchase  from  the  state  of 
any  sixteenth  or  thirty-sixth  section  of  land  (school  sec- 
tions) that  has  been  designated  by  the  United  States  sur- 
vey as  of  a  mineral  character,  or  which  is  so  in  fact,  has 
been  repealed  by  the  law  of  April  I,  1897,  and  provision 
was  made  by  said  repealing  act  that  such  mineral  lands 
should  thereafter  be  disposed  of  under  the  United  States 
laws.  In  a  case  recently  decided  by  the  Superior  Court  of 
San  Francisco,  arising  under  this  latter  law,  the  court  held 
that  the  law,  in  providing  for  the  sale  of  such  mineral 


ii2  APPENDIX 

lands  under  the  laws  of  the  Federal  government,  was  un- 
constitutional. The  question  will  probably  go  to  the  United 
States  Courts  to  decide.  In  the  meantime  persons  desir- 
ing  to  take  up  any  such  lands  had  better  confer  with  the 
State  Attorney  General,  and  Surveyor  General  as  to  the 
method  of  procedure  recommended  to  be  followed  by 
the  state  authorities. 

FOREST   RESERVES. 

Mineral  lands  in  the  forest  reserves  are  subject  to  loca- 
tion and  entry  under  the  general  mining  laws. 

The  statutes  say:  "Any  mineral  lands  in  any  forest 
reservation  which  have  been  or  which  may  be  shown  to 
be  such,  and  subject  to  entry  under  the  existing  mining- 
laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  rules  and  regulations 
applying  thereto,  shall  continue  to  be  subject  to  such  loca- 
tion and  entry." 

TIMBER  RIGHTS. 

The^pwner  of  a  mining  claim  has  the  right  to  the  timfier 
thereon.  A  tunnel  owner  has  a  right  to  timber,  growing 
on  a  tunnel  site,  so  long  as  he  complies  with  the  law  in 
running  his  tunnel.  No  timber  less  than  eight  inches  in 
diameter  may  be  cut. 

If  a  mill  site  is  timbered,  the  lawful  claimant  may  cut 
and  remove  the  timber  thereon  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing a  mill,  reduction  works,  tramways,  or  other 
accessory  required  in  the  development  of  his  mining  in- 
terests. 

The  cutting  or  removing  of  timber  from  mineral  lands 
is  permitted  for  the  following  purposes,  viz.,  mining,  agri- 
culture, and  domestic  purposes;  but  not  for  exportation 


APPENDIX  113 

from  the  state  or  territory  where  cut;  also,  the  cutting 
and  removing  of  timber  from  non-mineral  public  lands  is 
only  allowed  when  the  material  is  used  in  the  actual  de- 
velopment or  improvement  of  the  mine  or  farm  of  the 
particular  person  for  whom  the  cutting  or  removing  is 
done. 

ARIZONA. 

The  Arizona  statute  on  the  subject  of  locating  claims 
provides  that  a  discovery  shaft  at  least  ten  feet  deep  from 
its  lowest  rim  (or,  an  open  cut  or  tunnel  equal  in  amount 
of  work  to  such  shaft)  showing  mineral  in  place  is  re- 
quired as  a  preliminary  to  a  valid  location;  that  sub- 
stantial posts  or  stone  monuments  of  a  specified  size  shall 
be  placed  at  each  corner  of  the  claim  and  center  of  the 
side  and  end  lines.  The  shaft  (or  tunnel)  must  be  ex- 
cavated within  90  days  from  the  date  of  discovery. 


III. 

ANSWERS    TO    QUESTIONS    ON    MINING   LAWS 

SUBMITTED  TO  OUR  LAW  EDITOR. 

I. 

Can  a  woman,  or  a  minor  child,  take  up  a  mining  claim? 

Yes.  The  law  provides  that  all  mineral  deposits  *  * 
*  are  open  to  exploration  and  purchase  *  *  *  by  citi- 
eens  of  the  United  States,  etc.  Article  XIV  of  the  U. 
S.  Constitution  defines  who  are  such  citizens,  i.  e.,  "all 
persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States  and  sub- 
ject to  the  jurisdiction  thereof  are  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  and  of  ithe  state  wherein  they  reside."  This  ena- 


ii4  APPENDIX 

bles  women,  married  and  unmarried,  minor  children,  and 
all  others  who  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  locate 
such  claims.  The  courts  have  further  so  decided  they 
have  such  rights.  (72  Cal.  530.) 

II. 

Can  a  person  make  a  location  and  file  a  claim  by  an 
agent,  the  principal  not  being  upon  the  ground? 

The  courts  hold  that  where  there  is  no  local  or  state 
law  otherwise  providing,  a  person  can  take  up  a  mining 
claim  through  an  agent,  either  previously  authorized  to 
do  so,  or  subsequently  ratified.  (18  Cal.  588.)  But  some 
mining  districts,  in  order. to  avoid  fraudulent  holdings,  or 
improper  monopoly,  adopt  local  regulations,  requiring  that 
such  agency  must  be  exhibited,  by  also  filing  with  the 
notice  of  the  claim,  a  power  of  attorney  from  the  absent 
principal,  authorizing  the  agent  so  to  act. 

The  safer  plan  is,  however,  to  obtain  a  power  of  attorney 
from  the  principal,  giving  the  agent  the  power  to  locate 
such  claims.  Yet  the  courts  have  held  that  subsequent 
ratification  of  the  agent's  act  legalizes  the  claim.  As  a 
minor  may  take  up  a  claim  in  person,  so  he  may,  contrary 
to  the  usual  rule,  act  through  an  agent,  the  same  as  an 
adult. 

III. 

Is  it  necessary  to  record  a  mining  notice? 

In  the  absence  of  any  local  regulation  or  provision  of 
the  state  law,  it  is  not  necessary  (72  Cal.  533)  ;  but  care- 
ful miners  do  so  record  such  notices  in  the  County  Re- 
corder's office,  where  there  is  no  district  recorder,  and  al- 
ways where  there  is  such  a  district  recorder,  so  record  it 


APPENDIX  115 

with  him.     It  gives  notice  to  others,  and  often  prevents 
jumping  the  claim. 

IV. 

Is  a  mining  claim  void  if  it  includes  more  land  than  the 
statute  provides  for? 

It  is  only  void  as  to  the  excess.  The  quantity  of  land 
allowed  by  statute  is  protected  by  the  claim.  (72  Cal.  528.) 

V. 

When  a  person  locates  a  claim  for  himself  and  sev- 
eral others,  under  a  mining  custom  so  allowing  it,  and 
posts  up  his  notice  on  the  claim  with  his  own  name,  and 
the  names  of  such  others  whom  he  chooses  to  associate 
with  him  appended  thereto,  some  of  whom  have  no 
knowledge  of  the  location,  can  he  afterwards  tear  down 
the  notice  and  post  up  another,  omitting  some  of  such 
names  and  inserting  others? 

No.  Those  persons  named  in  the  first  notice  have  be- 
come tenants  in  common  with  each  other,  and  none  of  them 
can  be  subsequently  divested  of  their  interests,  unless  it  is 
done  with  their  knowledge  and  consent.  (18  Cal.  583;  26 
Cal.  534.) 

VI. 

Is  written  authority  required  from  the  principal  in  order 
to  authorize  an  agent  to  take  up  a  mining  claim  for  the 
principal  ? 

No.  The  statute  of  frauds  requiring  an  instrument  in 
writing  to  create  an  interest  in  land,  does  not  apply  to 
the  taking  up  of  mining  claims.  A  mere  verbal  authority 
to  one  man  to  take  up  a  claim  for  another  is  sufficient.  The 


n6  APPENDIX 

location  of  such  claim  does  not  divest  government  of  its 
title;  it  only  gives  a  right  of  entry  under  it.     (18  Cal.  583.) 

VII. 

Can  the  locator  correct  errors  in  a  location  notice,  by 
posting  and  recording  an  amended  notice? 

Yes,  provided  his  amended  notice  does  not  omit  any 
of  the  parties  named  in  the  original  location  notice.  Such 
original  claimants  may  not  be  thus  amended  out  of  any 
vested  rights.  (72  Cal.  528.)  Mining  notices  are  liberally 
construed,  however  (83  Cal.  187). 

VIII. 

Will  work  done  outside  of  the  claim,  but  with  the  intent 
to  improve  the  claim,  be  included  as  work  done  on  the 
claim  ? 

If  the  work  thus  done  has  direct  relation  to  the  claim, 
and  be  in  a  reasonable  proximity  to  it,  and  for  the  benefit 
of  it,  it  will  be  so  counted.  (12  Cal.  427.) 

IX. 

Can  a  stranger  make  a  second  location  upon  a  claim  al- 
ready located  by  prior  locator,  in  the  absence  of  first  loca- 
tor, or  when  he  is  in  possession? 

When  the  first  locator  has  had  continuous  possession 
of  his  claim,  and  has  performed  upon  it  annually  the 
amount  of  work  required  by  law,  and  his  claim  is  other- 
wise valid,  the  claim  is  not  open  to  re-location.  (78  Cal. 
544.)  Only  when  a  mining  claim  has  been  abandoned,  is 
the  ground  open  to  location  by  any  other  qualified  person 
(83  Cal.  187).  But  if  the  first  locator  fails  to  perform 
the  amount  of  work  required  by  law,  the  claim  is  then 


APPENDIX  7/7 

subject  to  relocation,  and  a  peaceful  entry  in  good  faith, 
may  be  made  for  that  purpose,  although  the  claim  is 
occupied  by  the  first  locator.  The  right  of  the  first  locator 
to  go  ahead  and  perform  the  required  amount  of  work 
jifter  such  failure,  and  retain  the  benefit  of  his  location, 
is  dependent  upon  the  performance  of  the  labor  before 
the  re-locaLion.  (65  Cal.  555.)  If  a  mining  district  regu- 
lation provides  that  upon  a  failure  to  work  and  notice  a 
claim,  as  required  by  the  mining  laws  of  the  district,  the 
claim  shall  be  considered  abandoned,  then  a  failure  to  com- 
ply with  such  laws,  is  an  abandonment  of  the  claim,  and  it 
is  then  open  to  location  as  vacant  ground.  (46  Cal.  34.) 
But  while  possession  alone,  is  not  good  as  against  one  who 
has  complied  with  the  mining  laws,  it  is  good  as  against 
mere  intruders  who  have  not  so  complied.  (73  Cal.  543.) 

X. 

When  a  mining  location  has  become  subject  to  reloca- 
tion by  the  laches,  or  by  the  abandonment  of  the  first 
locator,  must  he  make  a  re-location,  as  in  the  first  instance, 
in  order  to  continue  to  hold  the  claim? 

It  is  not  necessary ;  resumption  of  work  upon  the  claim 
is  sufficient,  provided  no  valid  re-location  by  any  other 
locator  has  intervened.  But  the  courts  will  not  uphold 
an  attempt  to  assert  a  continuous  right,  by  a  pretense  of 
work  done,  where  the  quantity  of  work  done  is  in  fact 
a  mere  pretense  and  sham  (62  Cal.  163)  ;  and  where  the 
original  locator  resumes  possession  after  such  lapse,  and 
commences  to  do  the  work  required,  a  stranger  cannot 
subsequently  acquire  any  rights  by  going  upon  the  claim, 
taking  possession,  and  posting  notices  and  doing  work 
thereon.  (75  Cal.  287.) 


if8  APPENDIX 

XL 

What  constitutes  possession  of  a  mining  claim? 

Actual  occupation  of  it,  or  appropriation  of  it  in  some 
mode  which  the  law  sanctions.  When  the  boundaries  are 
distinctly  marked  on  the  ground,  the  possession  of  the 
whole  claim  is  embraced,  though  actual  occupancy  of  only 
a  part  of  it  may  be  had,  or  the  work  may  be  only  on  a 
small  part  of  it.  But  these  boundaries  must  be  indicated 
by  such  distinct  physical  marks  or  monuments  as  will 
fairly  advertise  to  all  concerned,  just  where,  and  what  it 
is,  and  its  full  extent.  If  the  boundaries  are  not  so 
marked,  then  a  stranger  may  enter  and  locate  any  part 
of  the  land  not  then  in  actual  occupation  of  and  being 
worked  by  the  first  locator.  (30  Cal.  349.) 

XII. 

Where  it  is  difficult  to  describe  the  starting  point  of 
a  claim,  in  the  notice  to  be  posted,  may  the  notice  locate 
this  point  with  reference  to  some  other  claim  or  mine? 

The  courts  have  held  that  such  a  reference  is  admissible, 
but  the  claimant  may  be  obliged,  in  case  of  contest,  to 
prove  that  such  other  claim  or  mine  is  a  well  known  nat- 
ural object  or  permanent  monument.  (83  Cal.  191.) 

XIII. 

May  the  owner  of  adjoining  claims  held  in  common, 
do  the  annual  assessment  work  required  for  both  claims, 
upon  one  of  them? 

Where  the  work  done  is  clearly  for  the  benefit  of  both 
claims,  as  in  sinking  a  shaft  on  one  claim,  or  be  at  a  dis- 
tance away,  such  as  turning  a  stream  of  water  for  working 
the  claims,  or  building  a  flume  to  carry  it  to  the  claims, 


APPENDIX  119 

or  building  a  road  to  reach  them  so  they  can  be  worked, 
such  labor  on  one  claim,  or  off  it,  will  be  considered  as 
work  done  on  all,  or  for  the  benefit  of  all.  (83  Cal.  165.) 

XIV. 

In  case  a  question  arises  as  to  whether  the  land  on  which 
a  mining  claim  is  located  is,  or  is  not,  subject  to  homestead, 
what  is  the  rule? 

If  the  land  is  known  to  contain  precious  metals,  but  in 
quantities  so  small  as  not  to  justify  the  attempt  to  extract 
them,  they  are  not  properly  mineral  lands,  and  even  if  they 
might  be  mined  at  a  very  small  profit,  but  are  clearly  of 
more  value  for  agriculture  than  for  mining,  they  are  agri- 
cultural rather  than  mining  lands,  and  as  such  may  not 
be  held  under  mining  laws  (81  Cal.  50.)  But  no  land 
known  at  the  time  of  sale  by  the  government,  to  contain 
valuable  mineral,  can  be  obtained  under  the  homestead  laws 
of  the  United  States.  If  the  land  at  the  time  of  sale  by  the 
government  was  not  known  to  contain  valuable  mineral  de- 
posits, then  the  purchaser  may  not,  after  the  patent  has  been 
issued,  be  disturbed  by  mining  locators,  in  the  case  of  dis- 
covery of  such  mineral,  years  after  the  patent  has  been 
granted.  (81  Cal.  52.)  This  rule,  however,  has  not  been 
followed  in  the  case  of  railroad  grant  lands,  because  in 
these  cases  the  grant  from  Congress  expressly  reserved  all 
mineral  lands  to  the  government,  and  such  lands  may  be 
shown  to  be  mineral  in  character,  and  open  to  mining  loca- 
tion. (75  Cal.  194.) 

XV. 

When  a  location  notice  for  a  tunnel  site  has  been 
made,  but  no  vein  has  been  discovered  in  the  tunnel,  may 


120  APPENDIX 

a  locator  who  subsequently  locates  a  claim  on  the  sur- 
face, hold  such  claim  as  against  the  tunnel  locator,  when 
the  latter,  after  the  surface  location  is  made,  discovers  a 
vein  that  crosses  into  the  lines  of  the  surface  claim? 

No.  The  discovery  of  mineral  in  the  tunnel,  is  like  a 
discovery  on  the  surface;  until  a  vein  is  discovered  in  the 
tunnel  there  is  no  vein  to  locate,  and  no  tunnel  claim  can 
be  made  until  such  vein  is  discovered,  and  the  time  to 
determine  where  and  how  the  tunnel  claim  shall  be  located, 
arises  only  upon  the  discovery  of  such  vein.  When  the  vein 
is  discovered  in  the  tunnel,  then  the  right  to  the  vein  re- 
lates back  to  and  dates  from  the  location  of  the  tunnel  site ; 
the  right  of  locating  the  claim  to  the  vein  arises  upon 
its  discovery  in  the  tunnel,  and  it  may  be  exercised  by 
locating  that  claim  the  full  length  of  1500  feet  on  either 
side  of  the  tunnel,  or  in  such  proportion  thereof  on  either 
side  of  the  tunnel,  as  the  locator  may  desire.  Such  a 
discovery  of  mineral  by  the  tunnel  locator,  is  therefore 
superior  to  that  of  the  surface  locator,  and  cuts  off  his 
rights,  even  though  patent  has  been  obtained  by  him 
before  the  discovery  of  the  vein -in  the  tunnel.  It  is  im- 
portant to  note  that  the  tunnel  locator  need  not  indicate 
the  particular  1500  feet  of  his  claim  when  he  locates  the 
tunnel  site.  If  he  fails  to  do  so,  the  line  of  the  tunnel  is 
not  to  be  taken  as  dividing  the  extent  of  the  vein  and  thus 
limiting  him  to  750  feet  on  either  side  of  the  tunnel;  his 
right  extends  to  the  full  1500  feet  on  either  side  of  the 
tunnel,  if  he  so  desires.  (Sup.  Court.  U.  S.,  August, 

1897.) 


APPENDIX  121 

XVI. 

If  the  tunnel  locator  fails  to  mark  on  the  ground  his 
point  of  discovery,  and  boundaries  on  the  tract  claimed, 
does  it  destroy  his  right  to  veins  he  may  discover  in  his 
tunnel  ? 

No.  If  he  has  posted  the  proper  notice  at  the  mouth 
of  the  tunnel,  and  filed  it  in  the  office  required  by  state, 
or  mining  districts,  his  failure  to  mark  on  the  surface  of 
the  ground  his  point  of  discovery,  and  the  boundaries  of 
tract  claimed,  does  not  invalidate  his  tunnel  location. 
(Sup.  Court  U.  S.,  August,  1897.) 

XVII. 

Is  it  necessary  in  case  of  placer  claims,  to  mark  the 
boundaries  on  the  ground,  when  the  land  has  been  sur- 
veyed, and 'the  claim  is  for  the  whole  of  a  legal  subdi- 
vision of  a  section  ? 

Yes,  the  law  requires  that  the  location  must  be  distinctly 
marked  on  the  ground,  so  that  its  boundaries  can  be  dis- 
tinctly traced,  and  a  failure  so  to  do,  invalidates  the  claim. 
The  law  also  provides  that  where  such  lands  have  been 
surveyed  by  the  United  States,  the  entry  in  its  exterior 
limits,  shall  conform  to  the  legal  subdivision  of  the  public 
lands.  This  provision  only  describes  the  places  where  claim- 
ant shall  run  his  lines,  but  does  not  dispense  with  the  other 
requirements  as  to  hoiv  those  lines  shall  be  marked,  or  evi- 
denced on  the  ground.  (78  Cal.  595.)  It  is  the  only  safe 
way,  therefore,  to  distinctly  mark  the  boundaries  on  the 
ground  by  proper  monuments  or  posts,  and  also  describe 
those  boundaries  in  the  notice  posted,  as  well  as  to  connect 
with,  and  make  it  conform  to  the  surveys. 


122  APPENDIX 

XVIII. 

In  case  of  placer  claims,  can  the  claim  be  legally  taken 
before  the  discovery  of  valuable  mineral  in  the  land? 

The  Supreme  Court  of  California,  in  one  case,  held  that 
it  might  (73  Cal.  116)  ;  but  such  view  has  not  been  ap- 
proved by  other  courts.  Judge  Ross  of  the  United  States 
Court  recently  held  in  what  is  called  the  "Scrippers'  case," 
that  there  could  be  no  valid  placer  petroleum  mining  loca- 
tion not  based  upon  an  actual  discovery  of  oil  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  claim,  and  that  until  such  actual  dis- 
covery of  oil,  the  land  was  vacant  and  open  to  settlement; 
and  the  land  was  hence  open  to  Scrippers  under  the  Forest 
Lieu  Land  act.  Therefore,  no  subsequent  discovery  of 
mineral  (petroleum  oil  is  so  classed  as  among  the  mineral 
deposits)  upon  such  land,  could  impair  the  title  of  the 
Scripper,  nor  alter  the  legal  character  of  the  land,  which 
was  fixed  by  known  conditions  at  the  date  of  the  scrip - 
ping. 

XIX. 

Oil  Scripping. — Where  mining  locations  have  been  made 
on  land  supposed  to  contain  petroleum  deposits,  but  which 
are  as  yet  undiscovered,  and  such  claimants  are  in 
possession  of  the  claim  and  working  the  same  for  the 
discovery  of  such  mineral  deposit,  may  the  owners  of  for- 
est reserve  scrip  subsequently  locate  said  scrip  upon  vacant 
government  land  which  includes  the  mining  claim  so  taken 
up,  and  hold  said  mining  claim  against  the  mining  locator? 

This  question  involves  the  claims  recently  made  by  the 
owners  of  such  scrip  to  take  up  supposedly  valuable  pe- 
troleum government  lands  in  Kern  county,  California, 
upon  the  ground  that'  they  had  a  right  to  float  said  scrip 


APPENDIX  123 

upon  any  vacant  government  lands  open  to  settlers,  and 
that  as  they  floated  the  scrip  upon  the  land  before  the 
discovery  of  any  valuable  mineral  in  the  land,  their  right 
of  location  under  the  scrip  would  attach  and  hold  the 
land  over  any  subsequent  discovery  of  mineral  thereon  by 
the  mining  locator.  A  contest  arose  in  the  Land  Office  on 
the  facts  as  to  whether  the  land  was  vacant  and  open  to 
settlement.  The  local  land  office  took  evidence  as  to  the 
character  and  condition  of  the  land,  under  these  two  con- 
flicting claims,  and  the  matter  of  determining  the  questions 
involved,  coming  on  to  be  considered  by  the  Commissioner 
of  the  General  Land  Office  at  Washington,  on  the  facts 
as  shown  by  affidavits  filed  by  both  claimants,  that  officer 
held,  on  December  18,  1900,  that  the  facts  showed  that  the 
land  was  held  in  good  faith  by  the  mineral  claimants  was 
conclusive.  That  good  faith  was  not  the  case  of  the  agri-- 
cultural claimant,  who  evasively  and  fraudulently  sought 
to  acquire  mineral  lands  under  agricultural  laws,  the  lands 
being  admittedly  mineral  and  not  agricultural,  and,  there- 
fore, not  open  to  settlement  as  agricultural  lands ;  that  the 
forest  lien  land  law  of  1897  was  not  intended  to  be  an 
instrument  for  the  usurpation  of  property  rights  already 
belonging  to  others.  Nor  does  it  contemplate  the  seizure  of 
private  property  held  under  statutory  rights ;  nor  can  the 
lieu  land  selector  lay  claim  to  the  land  on  the  ground  that 
the  Land  Office  records  do  not  show  that  any  mining  lo- 
cation claim  existed  against  the  land,  and  that  the  land 
was  therefore  vacant  and  open  to  settlement ;  that  where 
a  mining  locator  has  made  a  mining  location  upon  public 
land  in  conformity  with  law,  and  the  local  regulations  of 
miners,  he  has  a  qualified  title  to  the  land,  which  may  be 


124  APPENDIX 

bought  and  sold  as  other  property;  that  as  he  is  not  re- 
quired by  law  to  apply  for  a  patent  or  pay  for  the  use  of 
the  land,  he  is  not  required  to  notify  the  Land  Office  of 
Tiis  claim  in  order  to  give  him  a  vested  right  to  the  land ; 
and  that  the  fact  that  these  conditions  are  not  of  record  in 
the  Land  Office  did  not  affect  the  mining  claimant's  rights, 
as  the  agricultural  claimant,  is  charged  with  the  notice  of 
mining  locations ;  that  by  virtue  of  his  mining  location  on 
the  land,  the  mining  claimant  has  thereby  segregated  it 
from  the  public  domain,  and  has  acquired  an  exclusive 
right,  possession,  and  enjoyment  of  all  the  surface  in- 
cluded within  the  lines  of  his  claim;  that  the  law  de- 
volves it  upon  the  Land  Department  to  determine  whether 
a  mining  claim  contains  valuable  minerals,  and  the  local 
officers  should  have  required  the  scrip  claimant  to  give 
the  mineral  claimant  notice  of  his  proposed  filing;  and 
lastly,  that  the  mineral  claimant  was  on  the  land  in  per- 
sonal occupancy,  and  under  the  color  of  right,  and  should 
have  been  allowed  by  the  local  land  officers  the  opportunity 
to  show  that  the  land  possessed  mineral  qualities,  which  on 
being  made  evident,  his  rights  under  his  mineral  claim 
would  relate  back  to  the  date  of  his  location  of  the  claim. 

It  is  important  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  scrip  claimant 
under  the  law  of  June  4,  1897,  is  only  allowed  to  float  his 
scrip  upon  vacant  land  open  to  settlement,  and  the  Land 
Office  is  given  by  that  law  the  jurisdiction  to  determine 
whether  the  land  is  so  vacant  or  open  to  settlement.  While 
therefore  this  decision  is  adverse  to  the  attempt  to  locate 
lieu  land  scrip  upon  mineral  lands,  it  does  not  in  any  way 
vary  the  general  rule  that  mineral  must  be  first  discovered 
on  the  land  to  validate  a  mining  claim.  It,  of  course,  re- 


APPENDIX  125 

suits  that  the  claimant  must  first  sink  his  oil  well  and  dis- 
cover oil  in  paying  quantities  before  he  is  entitled  to  locate 
his  .claim.  But  the  bill  prepared  by  the  General  Land  Office 
and  now  pending  in  Congress,  if  passed,  at  the  present  ses- 
sion, will  permit  the  mining  claimant  to  mark  out  the  boun- 
daries of  his  claim  on  the  ground,  and  then  give  him  three 
months  in  which  to  begin  work,  and  when  oil  is  dis- 
covered, the  claimant's  rights  relate  back  to  the  time  he 
marked  his  boundaries  on  the  ground. 

XX. 

Can  an  oil  placer  claim  be  taken  before  discovery  of 
mineral  ? 

Judge  Ross  recently  held,  in  the  case  of  the  Nevada 
Sierra  Oil  Company  vs.  The  Home  Oil  Company  (98  Fed. 
Rep.  673),  that  while  the  law  required  the  discovery  of 
mineral  on  the  claim  before  location,  and  oil  seepages  on 
the  surface  were  no  indication  of  the  existence  of  oil  in  the 
land  underneath,  yet  as  between  conflicting  claimants,  all 
of  whom  are  mineral  locators,  the  law  should  receive  a 
liberal  construction,  and  so  .as  to  protect  bona  fide  locators, 
who  really  made  a  discovery  of  mineral ;  and  so,  if  a. 
locator  actually  finds  petroleum  upon  the  land,  or  upon  the 
ground,  and  so  situated  as  to  constitute  a  part  of  it,  it  is 
a  sufficient  discovery  within  the  meaning  of  the  statute  to 
justify  a  location  under  the  law,  without  waiting  to  ascer- 
tain by  exploration  whether  the  ground  contains  the  min- 
eral in  sufficient  quantities  to  pay.  This  is  a  modifica- 
tion of  the  rule  which  has  heretofore  been  adopted  that  the 
mineral  discovered  should  be  on  the  land  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  pay,  and  the  court  extends  the  principle  to 
lode  claims  as  well  as  placer  oil  claims. 


126  APPENDIX 

XXL 

When  a  placer  oil  mining  claimant  is  in  prior  pos- 
session under  his  mining  claim,  has  the  scripper  the  right 
to  come  upon  the  land  and  forcibly  attempt  to  take  the 
possession  away  from  the  prior  claimant,  and  to  exclude 
him  therefrom? 

Ine  courts  have  held  that  if  a  man  has  a  right  to  enter 
upon  public  lands  to  explore  for  mines,  then  he  may  make 
a  location ;  but  if  he  has  not  that  right  of  entry  in  the 
first  place,  then  his  entry  amounts  to  nothing  (40  Fed  Rep. 
618)  ;  and  if  the  patent  has  not  passed,  the  miner  has  a 
right  to  enter  upon  public  land  for  the  purpose  of  min- 
ing (15  Cal.  100),  and  he  may  enter  upon  public  lands, 
even  when  occupied  by  settlers  for  grazing  or  agricultural 
purposes,  when  the  land  is  actually  mineral  (22  Cal.  453)  ; 
but  a  person  in  actual  possession  of  a  mining  claim  may 
not  be  invaded  by  another  on  the  pretext  that  the  former 
has  neglected  to  perform  the  requisite  amount  of  work, 
or  has  failed  in  some  other  respect  to  comply  with  the  law 
(38  Cal.  367)  ;  mining  claims  are  not  open  to  relocation 
until  the  rights  of  a  former  locator  have  come  to  an  end. 
A  relocator  cannot  avail  himself  of  mineral  in  the  public 
lands  which  another  has  discovered,  until  the  discoverer 
has  in  law  abandoned  his  claim  and  left  the  property  open 
for  another  to  take  up ;  hence,  a  relocation  on  lands  actually 
covered  at  the  time  by  another  valid  and  subsisting  loca- 
tion, is  void  absolutely  (73  Cal.  24)  ;  a  party  in  the  prior 
possession  of  a  mining  claim  is  entitled  to  the  possession 
as  against  a  mere  intruder,  even  without  compliance  with 
the  mining  law  on  his  part ;  but  such  possession  is  not  good 


APPENDIX  127 

as  against  one  who  has  complied  with  the  mining  laws 
(73  Cal.  543)  ;  a  person  cannot  enter  upon  the  mining 
claim  in  the  possession  of  another,  except  under  claim  or 
color  of  right,  peaceably,  and  in  good  faith,  and  believing 
himself  to  be  rightfully  entitled  to  enter  upon  the  claim; 
he  cannot  enter  forcibly,  and  by  committing  a  breach  of  the 
peace,  or  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  title  or  color  of 
right;  he  must  have  it  before  he  enters  (55  Cal.  147). 

Such  is  the  rule  applying  to  trespassing  upon  the  mining 
claim  of  one  rightfully  in-  possession  of  lode  and  placer 
claims  generally;  but  touching  the  right  of  scrippers  to 
enter  upon  a  locator  of  an  oil  claim,  Judge  Ross  has  in  a 
recent  decision  by  him,  stated:  "It  is,  to  say  the  least, 
doubtful  if  persons  authorized  to  select  vacant  land  only, 
are  authorized  to  select  lands  in  the  actual  bona  fide  occu- 
pancy of  others,  under  the  settlement  laws  or  under  a  min- 
ing location,  even  though  in  the  case  of  the  latter  the 
location  be  invalid  by  reason  of  the  absence  of  a  valid  dis- 
covery of  mineral ;  but  they  are  certainly  not  authorized  to 
affect  such  selection  by  any  sort  of  fraud  or  circumloca- 
tion;"  and  in  another  case,  also  recently  decided  by  the 
same  judge,  the  court  says  (98  Fed.  Rep.  673)  :  "It  is 
true  that  upon  mineral  land  of  the  United  States  upon 
which  there  is  no  valid  existing  location,  any  competent 
locator  may  enter,  even  if  it  is  in  the  actual  possession  of 
another,  provided  he  can  do  so  peaceably  and  in  good 
faith,  in  order  to  initiate  a  location  for  himself;  but  no 
right  upon  any  government  land,  whether  mineral  or  agri- 
cultural, which  is  in  the  actual  possession  of  another,  can 
be  initiated  by  a  forcible,  fraudulent,  surreptitious  or  clan- 
destine entry  thereon." 


128  APPENDIX 

The  courts  will,  therefore,  enjoin  by  injunction,  any 
forcible  entry  or  trespass  upon  "the  possession  of  the  claim- 
ant of  such  oil  placer  claims,  and  oblige  the  scripper  to 
follow  the  course  pointed  out  by  the  United  States  Land 
Department,  in  proving  his  right  to  select  such  land  as 
vacant  and  open  to  settlement. 

It  has  been  advised  by  government  officials  that  as  soon 
as  a  second,  or  lieu  land  filing,  or  agricultural  filing,  is 
made  by  scrip  or  otherwise,  covering  the  same  land  as  is 
occupied  by  the  oil  claimant,  that  the  mineral  oil  locator  " 
immediately  file  with  the  local  Land  Office,  affidavits  show- 
ing that  the  claim  is  more  valuable  for  mineral  than  for  ag 
ricaltural  purposes,  and  also  evidence  going  to  show  the 
fraudulent  filing  upon  the  claim  by  those  other  than  the 
mineral  claimant,  and  giving  the  description  of  the  claim 
by  township,  range  and  division  of  the  section  whereon 
the  claim  is  located,  and  in  such  case  the  Land  Office 
will  see  that  the  rights  of  all  parties  will  be  thoroughly 
investigated  and  protected. 

The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  (See  160  U. 
S.  Rep.  303)  held  that  two  locations  made  by  the  samo 
person  upon  the  same  lode,  upon  the  same  day,  was  valid ; 
and  the  attempted  location  thereof  by  other  persons, 
on  the  supposition  that  th$  locator  could  make  but  one 
valid  claim,  was  a  nullity.  This  settles  the  right  of  the 
locator  to  follow  up  the  lode,  and  take  as  many  successive 
locations  of  1500  feet  each  as  he  deems  necessary  to  cover 
the  entire  mineral  deposit  he  may  find  in  the  ledge  he  tin 
covers.  It  also  establishes  the  miner's  right  to  take  as  many 
successive  placer  oil  locations,  of  twenty  acres  each,  as  he 
may  deem  advisable,  to  cover  the  field  of  deposit. 


APPENDIX  i29 

XXII. 

Does  the  taking  and  operation  of  oil  claims  on  the 
public  lands  of  the  United  States  come  under  what  is 
called  the  placer  mining  law? 

Yes ;  oil  is  classed  as  a  mineral  deposit,  and  all  rights 
to  mine  for  petroleum  are  identical  with  rights  to  mine 
for  placer  deposits  of  gold,  and  are  governed  by  the  gen- 
eral mining  laws  regulating  all  placer  deposits. 

XXIII. 

Can  a  mining  claim  be  taken  up  upon  ocean  beach  lands 
under  United  States  mining  laws? 

No.  The  courts  hold  that  the  title  to  the  bed  of  the  ocean 
is  in  the  state,  which  represents  the  sovereign  power  (52 
Cal.  397).  In  a  recent  case  decided  by  the  Superior 
Court  of  Santa  Barbara  county,  the  court  held  that  land 
situated  below  ordinary  high  water  mark,  in  the  absence 
of  sovereign  grant  from  the  state,  were  not  subject  to 
private  ownership.  The  title  belonged  to  the  state,  sub- 
ject to  the  right  in  the  United  States  Government  to  reg- 
ulate commerce  and  navigation,  and  without  a  grant  from 
the  state,  there  can  be  no  exclusive  right  of  possession  in 
any  one  in  or  to  tide  lands.  Therefore,  possession  of  any 
part  of  such  lands  must  be  presumed  to  be  a  common 
possession  to  all  the  people  of  the  state,  in  the  absence 
of  any  grant  or  license  from  the  state  and  general  gov- 
ernment. In  this  case  the  court  refused  to  restrain  by  in- 
junction the  Ocean  Beach  miners  from  sinking  an  oil  well 
below  high  water,  as  petitioned  for  by  the  owners  of  the 
abutting  land,  who  claimed  that  their  lands  were  being 
drained  of  their  oil  deposits.  While  this  decides  one  point 


130  APPENDIX 

in  ocean  beach  mining,  another  point  is  yet  to  be  decided, 
viz :  Can  such  abutting  landowner  restrain  the  erection  of 
derricks,  wharves  and  other  erections,  in  front  of  his  prop- 
erty, when  built  on  tide  land  below  nigh  water  mark? 
The  court  has  held  that  such  owner  cannot  maintain  eject- 
ment to  remove  a  wharf  extending  below  low  water  mark 
into  the  ocean  (52  Cal.  398),  and  it  would  seem  from  this 
decision  that  the  abutting  landowner  cannot  interfere  with 
any  obstructions  below  such  water  line. 

It  results,  therefore,  that,  as  the  state  by  virtue  of  its 
sovereignty,  controls  the  tide  lands,  that  the  United  States 
mining  laws  are  inoperative  thereon,  and  that,  no  mineral 
rights  to  the  oil  therein  can  be  acquired  under  the  mining 
laws  of  the  United  States;  that  all  such  claims  are  null 
and  void;  and  that  the  only  legal  method  of  acquir- 
ing a  right  to  sink  and  operate  oil  wells  thereon,  is, 
firstly,  by  license  from  the  state  to  extract  the  oil  from 
the  state  lands ;  and,  secondly,  by  permit  or  license 
from  the  United  States  Government  to  erect  a  wharf, 
or  other  structure,  and  sink  wells  under  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  ocean.  This  latter  is  necessary  because  the 
United  States  Government  has  control  of  the  navigable 
waters  of  the  United  States,  and  no  obstruction  to  naviga- 
tion may  be  first  erected  without  such  permit.  The  appli- 
cation, therefore,  is  made  to  the  Secretary  of  War,  who 
refers  the  same  to  the  chief  of  the  Engineer  Corps,  by 
whom  it  is  referred  to  the  local  officer  of  said  corps  in 
Los  Angeles,  Captain  J.  J.  Meyler,  office  in  the  Byrne 
Block,  for  his  recommendation  and  approval.  This  is 
seldom  refused.  The  permit  from  the  state  is  not  always 
sought,  but  is  necessary  in  order  to  obtain  an  undisputed 


APPENDIX  131 

right  to  extract  the  oil  from  the  ocean  bed.  Such  lands  are 
not  included  in  the  class  that  the  state  is  permitted  to  sell 
(Sees.  3440  and  3443  Pol.  Code,  and  notes  thereto  in  Deer- 
ing's  Codes)  ;  so  ownership  thereof  cannot  be  had.  As  the 
law  is  indefinite  as  to  the  officer  who  possesses  the  power 
to  issue  such  state  permit,  the  enquirer  is  referred  for 
further  information  on  this  point  to  the  State  Surveyor 
General  and  the  State  Attorney  General. 

XXIV. 

Is  there  any  advantage  to  the  stockholders  of  a  mining 
corporation  which  proposes  to  do  business  in  California, 
to  incorporate  under  the  laws  of  Arizona? 

None  whatever.  Such  corporations  have  been  formed  on 
the  supposition  that  the  stockholders  would  escape  the  lia- 
bility for  the  debts  of  the  corporation  that  is  imposed  upon 
California  corporations.  But  this  is  a  mistake.  No  foreign 
corporation  can  do  business  in  this  state  on  more  favora- 
ble conditons  than  the  local  corporations  (Constitution  Cal. 
Art.  12,  Sec.  15),  and  the  stockholders  of  all  corporations 
foreign  and  domestic,  are  liable  in  the  same  manner  for 
the  debts  of  the  corporation  (Art.  12,  Sec.  3  of  same).  It 
ought  to  be  regarded  as  an  evidence  of  intent  to  swindle  on 
the  part  of  any  incorporators  who  organize  a  foreign  corpo- 
ration and  officer  it  from,  and  with  the  purpose  of  doing 
its  business  in,  this  state.  Have  no  dealings  with  such  a 
corporation,  should  be  the  motto  of  every  mining  man. 

XXV. 

Where  a  claim  is  held  by  several  parties  jointly,  can 
one  of  such  persons  sell  and  convey  away  the  rights  of 
his  copartners  without  their  joining  in  the  sale;  and  in 


132  APPENDIX 

case   of  a   sale   of  a  mining  interest,   must  it  be  in  writ- 
ing? 

No,  one  joint  owner  of  a  mine  cannot  convey  the  interest 
of  another,  without  a  power  of  attorney  so  to  do  (Sec. 
2519  Civil  Code  of  Cal.)  ;  and  when  one  partner  so  con- 
veys his  interest  in  the  mine,  he  ceases  to  be  a  partner, 
without  dissolving  the  copartnership,  while  the  new  pur- 
chaser becomes  a  member  of  the  copartnership  in  turn,  by 
reason  of  such  purchase  (Sec.  2516  C.  C.)  Yes,  a  transfer 
of  an  interest  in  a  mine  must  be  in  writing,  under  Sec. 
1091  of  the  C.  C.,  as  held  by  the  court  in  51  Cal.  260. 
The  transfer  should  also  be  acknowledged  before  a  notary 
public  or  other  officer  so  authorized. 

XXVI. 

Has  one  the  right  to  enter  upon  and  locate  a  mining 
claim  upon  lands  included  in  the  limits  of  what  are  com- 
monly called  Mexican  grant  lands? 

No ;  the  minerals  in  such  lands  never  were  granted  by  the 
Mexican  Government  in  making  grants  of  lands ;  they 
therefore  passed  over  from  the  Mexican  Government  to  the 
United  States  at  the  time  of  the  passing  of  such  lands  to 
the  United  States.  When  the  United  States,  however,  by 
its  patent  conveyed  these  lands,  in  pursuance  of  decree  of 
the  court  confirming  such  Mexican  grants,  the  patent  con- 
veyed the  entire  title  of  the  government  to  these  lands, 
and  everything  contained  upon  or  in  such  lands,  unless 
the  patent  expressly  reserved  the  minerals.  The  patents, 
however,  made  no  such  reservation  of  such  minerals  to 
the  government,  and  hence  the  government  after  the  is- 
suance of  the  patent  had  no  longer  any  control  over  such 
minerals.  Whenever  the  government  has  claimed  the  min- 


APPENDIX  133 

erals,  it  has  been  as  part  of  the  lands  in  which  they  were 
contained,  and  whenever  the  government  has  reserved  the 
minerals  from  sale  or  other  dispositon,  it  has  only  been 
by  reserving  the  lands  themselves.  It  follows,  therefore, 
that  such  minerals  found  on  Mexican  grant  lands  is  the 
absolute  property  of  the  owners  of  such  lands,  and  no 
intruder  may  acquire  any  right  to  locate  a  mining  claim 
Cereon,  or  extract  mineral  therefrom,  except  upon  license 
from  the  owner  in  fee  thereof  (17  Cal.  223-226). 

XXVII. 

Can  claim  be  located  on  railroad  grant  land? 

In  case  reported  in  154  U.  S.  Rep.  288  (1894),  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States  decided  that  grants  of 
lands  to  railroads  uniformly  excluded  the  mineral  con- 
tained therein,  except  iron  and  coal ;  that  it  was  the  in- 
tention of  Congress  to  exclude  from  these  grants  actual 
mineral  lands,  whether  known  or  unknown,  and  not  merely 
such  as  were  known  at  the  time  to  be  mineral ;  that  in  no 
instance  has  such  a  grant  been  held  to  pass  the  minerals, 
and  that  no  act  of  Congress  should  be  construed  to  give 
them  any;  that  in  all  cases  they  shall  be  and  are  reserved 
exclusively  to  the  United  States,  unless  otherwise  specially 
provided  in  the  act  or  acts  making  the  grant  (which  was 
rot  the  case  in  any  of  the  Pacific  Railroad  grants). 

This  decision  applies  to  all  cases  where  the  lands  have 
not  been  patented,  for  after  the  patent  has  passed,  the 
government  has  parted  with  all  its  right,  title  and  interest 
in  the  lands,  the  same  as  a  private  owner.  Under  this  de- 
cision it  was  held  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  might 
determine  whether  the  lands  selected  by  the  railroad  com- 
pany under  its  grant  were  or  were  not  mineral  in  char- 


134  APPENDIX 

acter,  and  upon  his  so  certifying  that  they  were  not  min- 
eral, the  patent  issued;  that  after  the  patent  issued,  the 
land  as  ithout  his  jurisdiction,  and  no  furwther  hearing 
upon  the  character  of  the  land  could  be  had. 

Pursuant  to  said  decision,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
adopted  rules  for  determining  whether  the  lands  so  se- 
lected and  listed  by  the  railroad  company  are  mineral  or 
otherwise,  and  for  opening  such  lists  to  the  public  for  in- 
spection, and  for  receiving  protests  or  contests  from  min- 
ing locators,  and  for  granting  hearings  thereon,  whether 
the  land  is  more  valuable  for  mineral  than  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

After  such  investigation  and  on  being  satisfied  that  the 
lands  so  selected  and  listed  by  the  railroad  company  are 
not  mineral  in  character,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
causes  the  patent  to  be  issued  to  the  railroad  company, 
and  then  the  railroad's  title  to  the  land,  and  also  to  all  the 
mineral  it  may  be  afterwards  found  to  contain,  is  con- 
firmed. Where  the  patent  has  been  issued  to  the,  railroad 
company,  such  lands  are  no  longer  open  to  location  by  the 
mineral  claimants,  nor  to  contest  in  the  court,  and  the  only 
way  title  to  such  minerals  can  be  acquired,  is  by  purchase 
of  such  lands  from  the  railroad  company  direct. 


IV. 

THE  DESERT  LAND  LAW. 
DESERT  LANDS. 

All  lands,  exclusive  of  timber  lands,  and  mineral  lands, 
which  will  not,  without  artificial- irrigation,  produce  some 
agricultural  crops,  shall  be  deemed  desert  lands. 


APPENDIX  135 

NOT  DESERT  LANDS. 

Lands  bordering  upon  streams,  lakes,  or  other  natural 
bodies  of  water,  or  through  or  upon  which  there  is  any 
river,  stream,  arroyo,  lake,  pond,  body  of  water,  or  living 
spring,  are  not  subject  to  entry  under  the  desert  land  law 
until  the  clearest  proof  of  their  desert  character  is  fur- 
nished. 

Lands  that  produce  native  grasses  sufficient  in  quantity, 
if  unfed  by  grazing  animals,  to  make  an  ordinary  crop  of 
hay  in  usual  seasons,  are  not  desert  lands. 

Lands  which  produce  an  agricultural  crop  of  any  kind 
in  amount  to  make  the  cultivation  reasonably  remunerative 
are  not  desert. 

Lands  containing  sufficient  moisture  to  produce  a  nat- 
ural growth  of  trees  are  not  to  be  classed  as  desert  lands. 

FILING  A  MAP. 

The  party  making  entry  is  required  at  the  time  of  filing 
the  declaration  to  file  also  a  map  of  the  land,  which  shall 
exhibit  a  plan  showing  the  mode  of  contemplated  irriga- 
tion, and  which  plan  shall  be  sufficient  to  thoroughly  irri- 
gate and  reclaim  said  land  and  prepare  it  to  raise  ordi- 
nary agricultural  crops,  and  shall  also  show  the  source 
of  the  water  to  be  used  for  irrigation  and  reclamation. 

AN  IRRIGATION   COMPANY. 

Provision  is  made  that  persons  may  associate  together 
in  the  construction  of  canals  and  ditches  for  irrigating 
and  reclaiming  tracts  entered  or  proposed  to  be  entered 
by  them,  and  they  may  file  a  joint  map  or  maps  showing 
their  plan  of  internal  improvements. 


fj6  APPENDIX 

NECESSARY  EXPENDITURES. 

It  is  required  that  the  entryman  shall  expend  for  the  pur- 
pose of  the  statute,  at  least  $3  per  acre — $i  per  acre  dur- 
ing each  year  for  three  years — and  shall  file  proof  thereof 
during  each  year  such  proofs  to  consist  of  his  affidavit, 
corroborated  by  the  affidavits  of  two  or  more  witnesses, 
showing  that  the  full  sum  of  $i  per  acre  has  been  ex- 
pended during  such  year  and  the  manner  in  which  ex- 
pended, and  at  the  expiration  of  the  third  year  a  map  or 
plan  showing  the .  character  and  extent  of  improvements ; 
that  failure  to  file  the  required  proof  during  any  year  shall 
cause  the  land  to  revert  to  the  United  States,  the  money 
paid  to  be  forfeited,  and  the  entry  to  be  cancelled. 

RESIDENTS  OF  THIS  STATE. 

The  right  to  make  desert-land  entry  is  restricted  to  resi- 
dent citizens  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  the  land 
sought  is  located,  whose  citizenship  and  residence  must  be 
duly  shown. 

LIMITED  TO  320  ACRES. 

No  person  could  be  permitted  to  enter  more  than  320 
acres  in  the  aggregate  under  all  the  land  laws,  which  is 
construed  not  to  include  the  amount  of  mineral  lands 
entered  in  the  prescribed  maximum.  Parties  initiating 
claims  are  required  to  make  affidavit  to  show  observance 
of  such  inhibition. 

No  person  is  entitled  to  hold  under  assignment  or  other- 
wise, prior  to  the  patent,  more  than  32  acres  entered  as 
desert  land. 

FILINGS    MAY    BE    ASSIGNED. 

Assignees  must  properly  prove  their  assignments  by 
filing  in  the  local  office  an  affidavit  and  a  certified  copy 


APPENDIX  137 

of  the  instrument  under  which  they  claim,  and  must  make 
affidavit  of  the  amount  of  land  held. 

Under  the  act  of  March  3,  1877,  it  is  held  that  desert 
land  entries  were  not  assignable,  and  that  the  transfer  of 
such  entries,  whether  by  deed,  contract  or  agreemnt,  viti- 
ated the  entry.  This  is  changed  by  the  seventh  section 
of  the  Act  of  March  3,  1877,  as  amended  by  the  Act  of 
March  3,  1891,  which  recognizes  assignments  after  entry 
and  before  patent ;  but  an  entry  made  in  the  interest  or 
for  the  benefit  of  any  other  person,  firm  or  corporation, 
or  with  the  intent  that  the  title  shall  be  conveyed  to  any 
other  person,  firm  or  corporation,  is  illegal. 

PRICE  OF  LAND. 

It  is  now  held  that  the  price  of  lands  sought  to  be 
entered  is  to  be  $1.25  per  acre,  without  r  1  to  the 
situation  of  such  land  in  relation  to  railroad  .ints. 

NECESSARY  DECLARATION. 

A  party  desiring  to  avail  himself  of  the  privileges  of 
the  desert-land  act  must  file  with  the  register  and  receiver 
of  the  proper  district  land  office  a  declaration,  under  oath, 
showing  that  the  applicant  is  a  •  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  or  has  declared  his  intention  to  become  such,  and 
a  resident  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  the  land 
sought  is  located.  It  must  also  be  set  up  that  the  applicant 
has  not  previously  exercised  the  right  of  entry  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  and  that  he  intends  to  reclaim  the 
tract  of  land  applied  for  by  conducting  water  thereon 
within  four  years  from  date  of  his  declaration.  The  dec- 
laration must  also  contain  a  description  of  the  land  applied 
for.  by  legal  subdivision. 


138  APPENDIX 

PERSONAL  KNOWLEDGE  OF  LAND. 
Attention  is  called  to  the  terms  of  this  declaration  which 
are  such  as  require  a  personal  knowledge  by  the  entrymen 
of  the  lands  intended  to  be  entered.  The  required  affidavit 
cannot  be  made  by  an  agent  nor  upon  information  and 
belief,  and  the  register  and  receiver  must  reject  all  applica- 
tions in  which  it  does  not  appear  that  the  entryman  made 
the  averments  contained  in  the  sworn  declaration  upon 
his  own  knowledge  derived  from  a  personal  examination 
of  the  lands.  The  blanks  in  the  declaration  must  be  filled 
in  with  a  full  statement  of  the  facts  of  his  acquaintance 
with  the  land  and  how  he  knows  its  character  as  alleged. 
Said  declaration  must  be  corroborated  by  the  affidavits  of 
two  reputable  witnesses  who  are  acquainted  with  the  land 
and  with  the  applicant,  and  who  must  clearly  state  their 
acquaintance  with  the  premises,  and  the  facts  as  to  the 
condition  and  situation  of  the  lands  upon  which  they  base 
their  judgment. 

RESIDENCE  AND  POSTOFFICE  ADDRESS. 
Applicants  and  witnesses  must  in  all  cases  state  their 
places  of  actual  residence,  their  business  or  occupations, 
and  their  postoffice  addresses.  It  is  not  sufficient  to  name 
the  county  and  State  or  Territory  where  a  party  lives,  but 
the  town  or  city  must  be  named,  and  if  a  residence  in 
a  city  the  street  and  number  must  be  given. 

WATER   FOR   ENTIRE  TRACT. 
Persons  making  desert-land  entries  must  acquire  a  clear 
right  to  the  use  of  sufficient  water  for  the  purpose  of  irri- 
gating the  whole  of  the  land,  and  of  keeping  it  perma- 
nently irrigated.     A  person  who  makes  a  desert-land  entry 


APPENDIX  139 

before  he  has  secured  a  water  right  does  so  at  his  own 
risk;  and  as  one  entry  exhausts  his  right  of  entry,  and 
such  right  cannot  be  restored  or  again  exercised  because 
of  failure  to  obtain  water  to  irrigate  the  land  selected  by 
him. 

(Note — It  will  thus  be  seen  that  a  person  who  files  on 
320  acres  of  land  and  only  secures  a  water  right  for  a 
portion  of  the  tract  cannot  prove  up  on  any  of  it,  and 
.must  lose  the  whole  in  consequence  thereof. 

MAY  PROVE  UP. 

At  any  time  after  filing  the  declaration  and  within  the 
period  of  four  years  thereafter,  upon  making  satisfactory 
proof  cf  the  reclamation  and  cultivation  of  the  land  ac- 
cording to  the  legal  requirements,  and  that  he  or  she  is 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  upon  payment  in  full 
therefor,  a  patent  shall  issue  for  the  land  to  the  applicant 
or  his  assigns. 

SOURCE  OF  WATER  SUPPLY. 

The  source  and  volume  of  the  water  supply,  how  ac- 
quired, and  how  maintained,  the  carrying  capacity  of  the 
ditches,  and  the  number  and  length  of  all  ditches  on  each 
legal  subdivision  of  the  land,  must  be  specifically  shown. 
Applicants  and  witnesses  must  each  state  in  full  what  has 
been  done  in  the  matter  of  reclamation  and  improvement, 
and  by  whom,  and  must  each  answer  fully  and  of  his  own 
personal  knowledge  the  questions  propounded  in  the  final 
proof  depositions.  They  must  state  specifically  whether 
they  at  any  time  saw  the  land  effectually  irrigated,  for 
without  knowledge  thus  derived,  the  fact  of  reclamation 
remains  a  matter  of  conjecture. 


140  APPENDIX 

ENTIRE    TRACT    TO    BE    IRRIGATED. 

The  whole  tract  and  each  legal  subdivision  if  surveyed, 
for  which  proof  is  offered,  must  be  actually  irrigated.  If 
there  are  some  high  points  or  uneven  surfaces  which  are 
practically  not  susceptible  of  irrigation,  the  nature,  extent 
and  area  of  such  spots  must  be  fully  stated.  In  this  con- 
nection, the  right  to  the  water  used,  the  quantity  of  it, 
the  manner  of  its  distribution,  and  the  permanence  of  the 
supply  are  all  to  be  taken  into  consideration. 

NOTICE  OF  FINAL  PROOF. 

Before  final  proof  shall  hereafter  be  submitted  by  any 
person  claiming  to  enter  lands  under  the  desert-land  act, 
such  person  will  be  required  to  file  a  notice  of  intention 
to  make  such  proof,  which  shall  be  published  in  the  same 
manner  as  required  in  homestead  and  pre-emption  cases. 

MAY  BE  CONTESTED. 

Contests  may  be  instituted  against  desert-land  entries 
for  illegality  or  fraud  in  the  inception  of  the  entry,  or 
failure  to  comply  with  the  law  after  entry,  or  for  any 
sufficient  cause  affecting  the  legality  or  validity  of  the 
claim.  In  case  of  successful  contests,  the  entry  shall  be 
cancelled  and  the  lands  and  money  paid  therefor  shall 
be  forfeited  to  the  United  States,  and  contestants  will 
be  allowed  a  preference  right  of  entry  for  thirty  days  after 
notice  of  the  cancellation  of  the  contested  entry,  in  the 
same  manner  as  in  homestead  and  pre-emption  cases,  and 
the  register  will  give  the  same  notice  and  be  entitled  to  the 
same  lee  for  notice  as  in  other  cases. 


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The  "Little  Alaska"  is 
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(weight  7^R>s),  durabil- 
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the  ideal  gold  washer  lor 
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